There is also additional background information for this table group.

Contents for Table

PINC-08. Source of Income in 2002-People 15 Years Old and Over, By Income of Specified Type in 2002, Age, Race, Hispanic Origin, and Sex

[Source:  U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 2003 Annual Social and Economic Supplement.  Numbers in thousands.
 People 15 years old and over as of March of the following year.  Social Security income may include a small number of people
 who report Railroad Retirement Income as Social Security Income Retirement.  Income includes payments reported as survivor,
 disability, or retirement benefits.  Rents, royalties, estates or trusts includes estates and trusts reported as survivor
 benefits.  A.O.I.C. stands for alone or in combination]

                                                       $1
                                            Total      To  $2,500  $5,000  $7,500 $10,000 $12,500 $15,000 $17,500 $20,000
                                             with  $2,499      To      To      To      To      To      To      To      To
                                           Income Or Loss  $4,999  $7,499  $9,999 $12,499 $14,999 $17,499 $19,999 $22,499
Both Sexes
45 to 54 Years
Black alone 2/

   Total.................................   4,184     167     141     281     209     256     169     263     194     256
Earnings.................................   3,521     121      89     113      90     217     129     235     159     260
  Wages and Salary.......................   3,375      89      87     107      87     200     126     222     151     249
  Nonfarm Self-Employment................     212      70       7      14       4      29       6      14       7      10
  Farm Self-Employment...................      26      22       0       3       0       2       0       0       0       0
Social Security..........................     338      10      47     100      75      45      33      20       4       3
SSI (Supplemental Security Income).......     241      55      39     106      30       6       3       0       0       0
Public Assistance........................      87      45      35       5       0       0       2       0       0       0
Veterans Benefits........................      84      16       9      10      12       6      11       5       1       0
Survivor Benefits........................      13       4       1       0       0       3       0       0       0       0
Disability Benefits......................      79      12       6      15      19       5       4       7       1       5
Unemployment Compensation................     233      81      73      50      11      11       4       0       2       0
Workers Compensation.....................      69      37       8       0       6       4       5       3       2       2
Property Income..........................   1,377   1,202      80      18      22       5      10       7       4      13
  Interest...............................   1,302   1,187      62      21      11       0       7       4       1       4
  Dividends..............................     313     286      14       3       1       2       0       1       0       4
  Rents, Royalties, Estates or Trusts....     130      88       7       6       6       3       0       3       2       7
Retirement Income........................     203      29      12      25      25      22      17      20      11       9
  Company or Union Retirement............      84      13       5      12       9      13       3       1       6       4
  Federal Government Retirement..........       9       0       2       1       4       0       0       2       0       0
  Military Retirement....................      39       2       0       5       1       9       7       5       5       0
  State or Local Government Retirement...      36       6       3       0       6       0       6       7       0       2
  Railroad Retirement....................       5       0       0       0       0       0       0       2       0       4
  Annuities..............................       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0
  IRA, Keogh, or 401(K)..................       3       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0
  Other or Don't Know....................      30       9       3       7       4       2       1       4       0       0
Pension Income...........................     126      17       8      16       5      16      13      15      10       5
  Company or Union Retirement............      61      10       5      10       1       9       3       1       5       4
  Federal Government Retirement..........       6       0       0       1       2       0       0       2       0       0
  Military Retirement....................      38       2       0       5       1       7       7       5       5       0
  State or Local Government Retirement...      16       4       2       0       0       0       3       4       0       0
  Railroad Retirement....................       3       0       0       0       0       0       0       2       0       2
  Annuities..............................       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0
Alimony..................................       3       1       2       0       0       0       0       0       0       0
Child Support............................     121      58      35      15       4       2       1       7       0       0
Educational Assistance...................      60      33      11       8       1       3       2       1       0       0
Financial Assistance from Outside the
 Household...............................      29      22       2       1       2       0       0       2       0       0
Other Income, N.E.C......................      19       7       0       1       0       3       0       0       7       2
Combinations of Income Types:
  Earnings & Social Security.............   3,792     108     121     200     158     254     152     250     163     265
  Earnings, Social Security, or
    Other Retirement.....................   3,865     116     118     209     168     251     155     250     169     264
  Social Security or Railroad Retirement.     343      10      47     100      75      45      33      22       4       6
  Social Security or Other Retirement
    Income or Both.......................     509      38      54     110      93      61      43      29      19      17
  Government Transfer Payments...........     947     158     160     211     148      73      83      47      15      11
  Public Assistance or SSI or Both.......     311      85      69     107      35       8       5       0       0       0
  Social Security, Public Assistance,
    or SSI or Both.......................     587      69      86     185     111      53      43      27       5       3
  Retirement, SSI or Public Assistance
    or Both..............................     500     100      82     131      55      32      26      20      11       9
PINC-08. Source of Income in 2002-People 15 Years Old and Over, By Income of Specified Type in 2002, Age, Race, Hispanic Origin, and Sex

[Source:  U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 2003 Annual Social and Economic Supplement.  Numbers in thousands.
 People 15 years old and over as of March of the following year.  Social Security income may include a small number of people
 who report Railroad Retirement Income as Social Security Income Retirement.  Income includes payments reported as survivor,
 disability, or retirement benefits.  Rents, royalties, estates or trusts includes estates and trusts reported as survivor
 benefits.  A.O.I.C. stands for alone or in combination]

                                          $22,500 $25,000 $27,500 $30,000 $32,500 $35,000 $37,500 $40,000 $42,500 $45,000
                                               To      To      To      To      To      To      To      To      To      To
                                          $24,999 $27,499 $29,999 $32,499 $34,999 $37,499 $39,999 $42,499 $44,999 $47,499
Both Sexes
45 to 54 Years
Black alone 2/

   Total.................................     154     256     135     263     102     186      89     206      54     104
Earnings.................................     129     269     115     263      91     184      80     216      36      91
  Wages and Salary.......................     131     256     110     258      88     184      79     215      33      86
  Nonfarm Self-Employment................       0      11       1       9       0       6       0       5       0       0
  Farm Self-Employment...................       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0
Social Security..........................       1       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0
SSI (Supplemental Security Income).......       1       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0
Public Assistance........................       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0
Veterans Benefits........................       2       4       5       0       0       0       0       0       2       0
Survivor Benefits........................       0       2       2       0       0       0       0       0       0       0
Disability Benefits......................       0       0       0       4       0       0       0       0       0       0
Unemployment Compensation................       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0
Workers Compensation.....................       1       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0
Property Income..........................       2       0       1       4       0       3       0       0       1       0
  Interest...............................       0       0       1       0       0       2       0       0       0       0
  Dividends..............................       0       0       0       0       1       0       0       0       0       0
  Rents, Royalties, Estates or Trusts....       1       2       0       2       0       0       0       0       0       0
Retirement Income........................       7       3       4      12       0       1       0       1       0       0
  Company or Union Retirement............       5       3       2       1       0       0       0       1       0       0
  Federal Government Retirement..........       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0
  Military Retirement....................       0       0       0       4       0       1       0       0       0       0
  State or Local Government Retirement...       2       0       0       4       0       0       0       0       0       0
  Railroad Retirement....................       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0
  Annuities..............................       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0
  IRA, Keogh, or 401(K)..................       0       0       0       3       0       0       0       0       0       0
  Other or Don't Know....................       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0
Pension Income...........................       7       1       0       6       0       1       0       1       0       0
  Company or Union Retirement............       5       1       0       1       0       0       0       1       0       0
  Federal Government Retirement..........       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0
  Military Retirement....................       0       0       0       4       0       1       0       0       0       0
  State or Local Government Retirement...       2       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0
  Railroad Retirement....................       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0
  Annuities..............................       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0
Alimony..................................       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0
Child Support............................       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0
Educational Assistance...................       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0
Financial Assistance from Outside the
 Household...............................       0       0       0       0       1       0       0       0       0       0
Other Income, N.E.C......................       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0
Combinations of Income Types:
  Earnings & Social Security.............     126     273     120     263      91     182      81     217      39      91
  Earnings, Social Security, or
    Other Retirement.....................     137     270     123     268      97     179      83     215      40      93
  Social Security or Railroad Retirement.       1       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0
  Social Security or Other Retirement
    Income or Both.......................      14       4       6      12       2       2       0       1       0       0
  Government Transfer Payments...........      12       3       2      11       3       3       0       2       2       0
  Public Assistance or SSI or Both.......       1       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0
  Social Security, Public Assistance,
    or SSI or Both.......................       2       2       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0
  Retirement, SSI or Public Assistance
    or Both..............................       8       3       4      12       0       1       0       1       0       0
PINC-08. Source of Income in 2002-People 15 Years Old and Over, By Income of Specified Type in 2002, Age, Race, Hispanic Origin, and Sex

[Source:  U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 2003 Annual Social and Economic Supplement.  Numbers in thousands.
 People 15 years old and over as of March of the following year.  Social Security income may include a small number of people
 who report Railroad Retirement Income as Social Security Income Retirement.  Income includes payments reported as survivor,
 disability, or retirement benefits.  Rents, royalties, estates or trusts includes estates and trusts reported as survivor
 benefits.  A.O.I.C. stands for alone or in combination]

                                          $47,500 $50,000 $52,500 $55,000 $57,500 $60,000 $62,500 $65,000 $67,500 $70,000
                                               To      To      To      To      To      To      To      To      To      To
                                          $49,999 $52,499 $54,999 $57,499 $59,999 $62,499 $64,999 $67,499 $69,999 $72,499
Both Sexes
45 to 54 Years
Black alone 2/

   Total.................................      35     106      46      71      26      69      23      27      22      41
Earnings.................................      34     118      33      75      15      72      12      33      13      41
  Wages and Salary.......................      32     114      31      73      14      70      12      32      13      41
  Nonfarm Self-Employment................       2       5       0       2       0       2       0       0       0       0
  Farm Self-Employment...................       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0
Social Security..........................       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0
SSI (Supplemental Security Income).......       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0
Public Assistance........................       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0
Veterans Benefits........................       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0
Survivor Benefits........................       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0
Disability Benefits......................       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0
Unemployment Compensation................       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0
Workers Compensation.....................       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0
Property Income..........................       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       1
  Interest...............................       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0
  Dividends..............................       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0
  Rents, Royalties, Estates or Trusts....       0       1       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       1
Retirement Income........................       1       1       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0
  Company or Union Retirement............       1       1       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0
  Federal Government Retirement..........       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0
  Military Retirement....................       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0
  State or Local Government Retirement...       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0
  Railroad Retirement....................       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0
  Annuities..............................       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0
  IRA, Keogh, or 401(K)..................       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0
  Other or Don't Know....................       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0
Pension Income...........................       1       1       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0
  Company or Union Retirement............       1       1       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0
  Federal Government Retirement..........       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0
  Military Retirement....................       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0
  State or Local Government Retirement...       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0
  Railroad Retirement....................       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0
  Annuities..............................       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0
Alimony..................................       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0
Child Support............................       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0
Educational Assistance...................       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0
Financial Assistance from Outside the
 Household...............................       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0
Other Income, N.E.C......................       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0
Combinations of Income Types:
  Earnings & Social Security.............      34     116      32      73      16      72      16      33      13      41
  Earnings, Social Security, or
    Other Retirement.....................      39     118      34      69      21      72      14      27      17      42
  Social Security or Railroad Retirement.       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0
  Social Security or Other Retirement
    Income or Both.......................       1       1       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0
  Government Transfer Payments...........       0       0       2       0       0       0       0       0       0       0
  Public Assistance or SSI or Both.......       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0
  Social Security, Public Assistance,
    or SSI or Both.......................       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0
  Retirement, SSI or Public Assistance
    or Both..............................       1       1       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0
PINC-08. Source of Income in 2002-People 15 Years Old and Over, By Income of Specified Type in 2002, Age, Race, Hispanic Origin, and Sex

[Source:  U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 2003 Annual Social and Economic Supplement.  Numbers in thousands.
 People 15 years old and over as of March of the following year.  Social Security income may include a small number of people
 who report Railroad Retirement Income as Social Security Income Retirement.  Income includes payments reported as survivor,
 disability, or retirement benefits.  Rents, royalties, estates or trusts includes estates and trusts reported as survivor
 benefits.  A.O.I.C. stands for alone or in combination]

                                          $72,500 $75,000 $77,500 $80,000 $82,500 $85,000 $87,500 $90,000 $92,500 $95,000
                                               To      To      To      To      To      To      To      To      To      To
                                          $74,999 $77,499 $79,999 $82,499 $84,999 $87,499 $89,999 $92,499 $94,999 $97,499
Both Sexes
45 to 54 Years
Black alone 2/

   Total.................................      23      28      17      25       8      14       2      10       9       3
Earnings.................................      11      30      10      23       6      12       3      11       2       2
  Wages and Salary.......................      11      27      10      23       5      10       3      11       2       2
  Nonfarm Self-Employment................       0       5       0       0       1       0       0       0       0       0
  Farm Self-Employment...................       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0
Social Security..........................       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0
SSI (Supplemental Security Income).......       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0
Public Assistance........................       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0
Veterans Benefits........................       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0
Survivor Benefits........................       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0
Disability Benefits......................       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0
Unemployment Compensation................       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0
Workers Compensation.....................       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0
Property Income..........................       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       1       0
  Interest...............................       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0
  Dividends..............................       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0
  Rents, Royalties, Estates or Trusts....       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0
Retirement Income........................       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0
  Company or Union Retirement............       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0
  Federal Government Retirement..........       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0
  Military Retirement....................       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0
  State or Local Government Retirement...       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0
  Railroad Retirement....................       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0
  Annuities..............................       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0
  IRA, Keogh, or 401(K)..................       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0
  Other or Don't Know....................       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0
Pension Income...........................       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0
  Company or Union Retirement............       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0
  Federal Government Retirement..........       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0
  Military Retirement....................       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0
  State or Local Government Retirement...       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0
  Railroad Retirement....................       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0
  Annuities..............................       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0
Alimony..................................       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0
Child Support............................       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0
Educational Assistance...................       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0
Financial Assistance from Outside the
 Household...............................       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0
Other Income, N.E.C......................       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0
Combinations of Income Types:
  Earnings & Social Security.............      11      30      10      23       6      12       3      10       2       3
  Earnings, Social Security, or
    Other Retirement.....................      14      32      11      27      10      12       3      11       3       3
  Social Security or Railroad Retirement.       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0
  Social Security or Other Retirement
    Income or Both.......................       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0
  Government Transfer Payments...........       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0
  Public Assistance or SSI or Both.......       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0
  Social Security, Public Assistance,
    or SSI or Both.......................       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0
  Retirement, SSI or Public Assistance
    or Both..............................       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0
PINC-08. Source of Income in 2002-People 15 Years Old and Over, By Income of Specified Type in 2002, Age, Race, Hispanic Origin, and Sex

[Source:  U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 2003 Annual Social and Economic Supplement.  Numbers in thousands.
 People 15 years old and over as of March of the following year.  Social Security income may include a small number of people
 who report Railroad Retirement Income as Social Security Income Retirement.  Income includes payments reported as survivor,
 disability, or retirement benefits.  Rents, royalties, estates or trusts includes estates and trusts reported as survivor
 benefits.  A.O.I.C. stands for alone or in combination]

                                                              Median Income     Mean Income
                                          $97,500                  Standard         Standard         Gini Ratio
                                               To $100,000   Value    Error   Value    Error                 Standard
                                          $99,999 And Over   (Dol)    (Dol)   (Dol)    (Dol)       Ratio        Error  B-CELL
Both Sexes
45 to 54 Years
Black alone 2/

   Total.................................       7       88  25,023      495  30,539      602       0.427       0.0151   1,430
Earnings.................................       4       76  27,035      329  32,557      664       0.387       0.0162   1,430
  Wages and Salary.......................       4       75  27,330      450  32,988      677       0.383       0.0167   1,430
  Nonfarm Self-Employment................       0        1  10,849      741  15,559    1,976       0.567       0.0610   1,430
  Farm Self-Employment...................       0        0     (B)      (B)     (B)      (B)         (B)          (B)   1,430
Social Security..........................       0        0   7,889      368   8,621      264       0.284       0.0419   1,430
SSI (Supplemental Security Income).......       0        0   5,604      218   5,504      242       0.383       0.0443   1,430
Public Assistance........................       0        0   2,420      344   2,760      293       0.431       0.0973   1,430
Veterans Benefits........................       0        0   8,968    1,196  11,364    1,193       0.479       0.0893   1,430
Survivor Benefits........................       0        0     (B)      (B)     (B)      (B)         (B)          (B)   1,430
Disability Benefits......................       1        0   8,400      704  11,384    1,859       0.471       0.1226   1,430
Unemployment Compensation................       1        0   3,713      312   4,726      649       0.467       0.0932   1,430
Workers Compensation.....................       0        0     (B)      (B)     (B)      (B)         (B)          (B)   1,430
Property Income..........................       0        1   1,433       46   1,602      198       0.381       0.5343   1,430
  Interest...............................       0        0   1,371       45     917       95       0.000       0.1177   1,430
  Dividends..............................       0        0   1,367       92   1,169      226       0.217       0.2042   1,430
  Rents, Royalties, Estates or Trusts....       1        0   1,848      193   4,955    1,502       0.612       0.1746   1,430
Retirement Income........................       2        0  11,178      962  13,746    1,071       0.442       0.0680   1,430
  Company or Union Retirement............       2        0  10,362    1,168  14,700    2,202       0.518       0.1147   1,430
  Federal Government Retirement..........       0        0     (B)      (B)     (B)      (B)         (B)          (B)   1,430
  Military Retirement....................       0        0     (B)      (B)     (B)      (B)         (B)          (B)   1,430
  State or Local Government Retirement...       0        0     (B)      (B)     (B)      (B)         (B)          (B)   1,430
  Railroad Retirement....................       0        0     (B)      (B)     (B)      (B)         (B)          (B)   1,430
  Annuities..............................       0        0     (B)      (B)     (B)      (B)         (B)          (B)   1,430
  IRA, Keogh, or 401(K)..................       0        0     (B)      (B)     (B)      (B)         (B)          (B)   1,430
  Other or Don't Know....................       0        0     (B)      (B)     (B)      (B)         (B)          (B)   1,430
Pension Income...........................       2        0  12,568    1,155  14,733    1,544       0.447       0.0909   1,430
  Company or Union Retirement............       2        0     (B)      (B)     (B)      (B)         (B)          (B)   1,430
  Federal Government Retirement..........       0        0     (B)      (B)     (B)      (B)         (B)          (B)   1,430
  Military Retirement....................       0        0     (B)      (B)     (B)      (B)         (B)          (B)   1,430
  State or Local Government Retirement...       0        0     (B)      (B)     (B)      (B)         (B)          (B)   1,430
  Railroad Retirement....................       0        0     (B)      (B)     (B)      (B)         (B)          (B)   1,430
  Annuities..............................       0        0     (B)      (B)     (B)      (B)         (B)          (B)   1,430
Alimony..................................       0        0     (B)      (B)     (B)      (B)         (B)          (B)   1,430
Child Support............................       0        0   2,699      420   3,782      444       0.487       0.0929   1,430
Educational Assistance...................       0        0     (B)      (B)     (B)      (B)         (B)          (B)   1,430
Financial Assistance from Outside the
 Household...............................       0        0     (B)      (B)     (B)      (B)         (B)          (B)   1,430
Other Income, N.E.C......................       0        0     (B)      (B)     (B)      (B)         (B)          (B)   1,430
Combinations of Income Types:
  Earnings & Social Security.............       4       76  25,900      338  31,005      628       0.405       0.0157   1,430
  Earnings, Social Security, or
    Other Retirement.....................       4       78  25,879      344  31,139      623       0.407       0.0156   1,430
  Social Security or Railroad Retirement.       0        0   7,975      371   8,790      276       0.290       0.0419   1,430
  Social Security or Other Retirement
    Income or Both.......................       2        0   8,921      363  11,214      499       0.393       0.0433   1,430
  Government Transfer Payments...........       1        0   6,840      218   8,485      299       0.432       0.0311   1,430
  Public Assistance or SSI or Both.......       0        0   5,026      307   5,034      222       0.399       0.0411   1,430
  Social Security, Public Assistance,
    or SSI or Both.......................       0        0   6,870      195   7,629      214       0.349       0.0323   1,430
  Retirement, SSI or Public Assistance
    or Both..............................       2        0   6,294      255   8,720      508       0.000       0.0000   1,430

Race Footnotes

Source: U.S. Census Bureau
Contact: Housing and Household Economic Statistics Information Staff at (301)763-3242
Last revised: July 14, 2004
URL: http://pubdb3.census.gov/macro/032003/perinc/new08_051.htm