07/27/99 469
Table 4. Percent of Unrelated Individuals in Poverty, by Definition of Income and Selected Characteristics: 1998 (All Races)
Before taxes
Definition 3
Money income-- plus
Excluding health
capital Definition 1 Definition 2 insurance
gains less plus supplements to
(current government capital wage or salary
Total measure) transfers gains income
(thous.) Def 1 Def 2 Def 3 Def 4
BELOW POVERTY LEVEL
All Races
Total 42539 19.9 34.4 34.2 34.0
Age
15 to 24 years 5447 36.3 38.4 38.2 37.7
25 to 44 years 16014 13.8 15.7 15.5 15.2
45 to 54 years 6144 17.4 21.4 21.3 21.0
55 to 64 years 4370 24.4 36.2 36.1 35.8
65 years and over 10564 20.4 67.6 67.3 67.2
Type of Residence
Inside metropolitan areas 35191 18.9 32.5 32.3 32.0
Inside central cities 16691 22.3 34.6 34.5 34.2
Outside central cities 18500 15.9 30.5 30.3 30.1
Outside metropolitan areas 7348 24.7 43.8 43.6 43.3
Region
Northeast 8380 20.5 37.2 37.0 36.7
Midwest 9599 17.2 33.2 33.0 32.6
South 14258 22.4 36.5 36.3 36.1
West 10302 18.6 30.4 30.3 30.1
107/27/99 470
Table 4. Percent of Unrelated Individuals in Poverty, by Definition of Income and Selected Characteristics: 1998 (All Races)
Before taxes
Definition 3
Money income-- plus
Excluding health
capital Definition 1 Definition 2 insurance
gains less plus supplements to
(current government capital wage or salary
Total measure) transfers gains income
(thous.) Def 1 Def 2 Def 3 Def 4
Educational Attainment
Total, 18 years old and over 42342 19.6 34.1 34.0 33.7
18 to 24 years old 5250 34.1 36.2 36.1 35.5
Less than 12th grade, no diploma 711 59.9 60.6 60.6 59.1
25 years old and over 37092 17.5 33.8 33.7 33.4
Less than 12th grade, no diploma 7012 36.2 67.4 67.2 66.9
High school graduate, no college 11498 19.7 39.3 39.0 38.5
College: Less than bachelor's degree 8965 11.6 24.1 23.9 23.8
Bachelor's degree or more 9617 6.8 11.9 11.9 11.8
Work Experience in 1998
Total, 20 to 64 years 30970 18.3 22.1 21.9 21.6
Worked at full-time jobs 23094 6.3 7.1 7.0 6.6
50 to 52 weeks 19300 3.0 3.1 3.0 2.9
Worked at part-time jobs 3130 31.9 38.6 38.3 37.9
Did not work 4747 67.8 84.0 83.9 83.9
Program Participation Status
Received:
Cash assistance 2131 74.7 94.5 94.5 94.2
AFDC or other non-SSI 326 68.3 89.2 89.2 88.6
SSI 1874 75.9 95.6 95.6 95.4
Food stamps 1981 74.0 88.4 88.4 88.4
Housing assistance 2370 52.8 81.7 81.3 81.2
Energy assistance 1065 58.3 88.0 87.7 87.7
Food stamps and cash assistance 1014 82.9 97.0 97.0 97.0
107/27/99 471
Table 4. Percent of Unrelated Individuals in Poverty, by Definition of Income and Selected Characteristics: 1998 (All Races)
Before taxes
Definition 3
Money income-- plus
Excluding health
capital Definition 1 Definition 2 insurance
gains less plus supplements to
(current government capital wage or salary
Total measure) transfers gains income
(thous.) Def 1 Def 2 Def 3 Def 4
Health Insurance Coverage
Covered by:
Employer-provided plan 21008 5.0 10.9 10.8 10.2
Medicare 11690 23.8 70.2 69.9 69.8
Also Medicaid 2023 57.1 89.2 89.1 89.1
Medicaid 3630 61.1 84.6 84.4 84.2
Not covered by:
Health insurance 8132 37.0 39.3 39.0 39.0
107/27/99 472
Table 4. Percent of Unrelated Individuals in Poverty, by Definition of Income and Selected Characteristics: 1998 (All Races)
After taxes
Definition 8
Definition 4 Definition 6 plus
less Definition 5 plus Definition 7 nonmeans-
Social less Earned less tested
Security Federal Income state government
payroll income Tax income cash
taxes taxes Credit taxes transfers
Def 5 Def 6 Def 7 Def 8 Def 9
BELOW POVERTY LEVEL
All Races
Total 34.9 35.2 35.1 35.4 21.5
Age
15 to 24 years 40.0 40.4 40.4 41.1 38.6
25 to 44 years 16.2 16.5 16.4 16.6 15.3
45 to 54 years 21.9 22.3 22.1 22.4 19.3
55 to 64 years 36.7 37.4 37.2 37.4 25.9
65 years and over 67.5 67.5 67.5 67.8 21.7
Type of Residence
Inside metropolitan areas 32.9 33.2 33.1 33.4 20.4
Inside central cities 35.1 35.4 35.3 35.6 23.9
Outside central cities 30.9 31.1 31.1 31.4 17.3
Outside metropolitan areas 44.7 45.1 45.0 45.3 26.7
Region
Northeast 37.4 37.7 37.6 37.9 21.9
Midwest 33.5 33.7 33.7 34.1 18.6
South 37.1 37.5 37.4 37.6 23.8
West 31.2 31.4 31.4 31.6 20.8
107/27/99 473
Table 4. Percent of Unrelated Individuals in Poverty, by Definition of Income and Selected Characteristics: 1998 (All Races)
After taxes
Definition 8
Definition 4 Definition 6 plus
less Definition 5 plus Definition 7 nonmeans-
Social less Earned less tested
Security Federal Income state government
payroll income Tax income cash
taxes taxes Credit taxes transfers
Def 5 Def 6 Def 7 Def 8 Def 9
Educational Attainment
Total, 18 years old and over 34.6 34.9 34.9 35.2 21.2
18 to 24 years old 37.9 38.3 38.3 39.0 36.5
Less than 12th grade, no diploma 64.0 64.8 64.8 65.3 65.2
25 years old and over 34.2 34.5 34.4 34.6 19.0
Less than 12th grade, no diploma 68.1 68.3 68.2 68.7 38.7
High school graduate, no college 39.4 39.7 39.7 39.8 21.3
College: Less than bachelor's degree 24.6 24.9 24.8 25.0 13.1
Bachelor's degree or more 12.1 12.4 12.4 12.5 7.4
Work Experience in 1998
Total, 20 to 64 years 22.7 23.1 23.0 23.3 20.0
Worked at full-time jobs 7.6 7.9 7.8 8.1 7.4
50 to 52 weeks 3.5 3.7 3.6 3.8 3.7
Worked at part-time jobs 41.4 42.4 41.9 42.7 35.7
Did not work 83.9 84.1 84.1 84.4 70.9
Program Participation Status
Received:
Cash assistance 94.6 94.7 94.7 94.9 88.8
AFDC or other non-SSI 89.0 89.0 89.0 89.7 82.5
SSI 95.8 95.9 95.9 96.0 89.8
Food stamps 89.2 89.6 89.5 89.9 80.5
Housing assistance 82.1 82.4 82.4 82.7 58.9
Energy assistance 87.9 88.5 88.5 88.8 65.1
Food stamps and cash assistance 97.3 97.3 97.3 97.5 93.7
107/27/99 474
Table 4. Percent of Unrelated Individuals in Poverty, by Definition of Income and Selected Characteristics: 1998 (All Races)
After taxes
Definition 8
Definition 4 Definition 6 plus
less Definition 5 plus Definition 7 nonmeans-
Social less Earned less tested
Security Federal Income state government
payroll income Tax income cash
taxes taxes Credit taxes transfers
Def 5 Def 6 Def 7 Def 8 Def 9
Health Insurance Coverage
Covered by:
Employer-provided plan 10.6 10.8 10.7 10.8 5.0
Medicare 70.1 70.2 70.2 70.5 25.5
Also Medicaid 89.4 89.7 89.7 89.8 64.7
Medicaid 85.2 85.5 85.4 85.6 69.5
Not covered by:
Health insurance 41.6 42.2 42.1 42.8 40.2
107/27/99 475
Table 4. Percent of Unrelated Individuals in Poverty, by Definition of Income and Selected Characteristics: 1998 (All Races)
After taxes
Definition 13
Definition 11 plus
Definition 10 plus other
plus means-tested means-tested
Definition 9 regular-price government Definition 12 government
plus school cash plus noncash
Medicare lunches transfers Medicaid transfers
Def 10 Def 11 Def 12 Def 13 Def 14
BELOW POVERTY LEVEL
All Races
Total 20.5 20.5 19.6 19.1 17.7
Age
15 to 24 years 38.6 38.6 38.6 37.9 37.3
25 to 44 years 15.0 15.0 14.3 13.8 13.1
45 to 54 years 18.6 18.6 17.4 16.4 14.8
55 to 64 years 24.9 24.9 23.8 22.9 20.1
65 years and over 18.8 18.8 17.5 17.3 15.4
Type of Residence
Inside metropolitan areas 19.4 19.4 18.6 18.0 16.9
Inside central cities 22.8 22.8 21.7 20.9 19.3
Outside central cities 16.4 16.4 15.7 15.4 14.8
Outside metropolitan areas 25.7 25.7 24.8 24.3 21.8
Region
Northeast 20.3 20.3 19.1 18.2 16.2
Midwest 18.0 18.0 17.4 17.2 15.7
South 22.7 22.7 22.0 21.5 20.1
West 19.9 19.9 18.9 18.1 17.6
107/27/99 476
Table 4. Percent of Unrelated Individuals in Poverty, by Definition of Income and Selected Characteristics: 1998 (All Races)
After taxes
Definition 13
Definition 11 plus
Definition 10 plus other
plus means-tested means-tested
Definition 9 regular-price government Definition 12 government
plus school cash plus noncash
Medicare lunches transfers Medicaid transfers
Def 10 Def 11 Def 12 Def 13 Def 14
Educational Attainment
Total, 18 years old and over 20.2 20.2 19.3 18.7 17.4
18 to 24 years old 36.5 36.5 36.5 36.0 35.3
Less than 12th grade, no diploma 65.2 65.2 65.0 63.2 61.8
25 years old and over 17.8 17.8 16.8 16.3 14.9
Less than 12th grade, no diploma 36.0 36.0 33.9 33.0 28.7
High school graduate, no college 20.0 20.0 18.9 18.1 16.9
College: Less than bachelor's degree 12.3 12.3 11.5 11.2 10.5
Bachelor's degree or more 7.2 7.2 6.9 6.7 6.4
Work Experience in 1998
Total, 20 to 64 years 19.5 19.5 18.8 18.1 16.9
Worked at full-time jobs 7.3 7.3 7.1 7.1 6.8
50 to 52 weeks 3.7 3.7 3.6 3.6 3.4
Worked at part-time jobs 35.0 35.0 34.2 33.3 32.2
Did not work 68.8 68.8 65.1 61.8 56.3
Program Participation Status
Received:
Cash assistance 83.2 83.2 67.1 58.5 43.0
AFDC or other non-SSI 81.2 81.2 68.2 63.1 51.1
SSI 83.6 83.6 67.1 57.7 41.4
Food stamps 75.1 75.1 68.3 64.0 47.8
Housing assistance 49.6 49.6 43.7 38.8 18.1
Energy assistance 60.1 60.1 54.8 52.1 41.9
Food stamps and cash assistance 89.0 89.0 75.6 68.5 44.9
107/27/99 477
Table 4. Percent of Unrelated Individuals in Poverty, by Definition of Income and Selected Characteristics: 1998 (All Races)
After taxes
Definition 13
Definition 11 plus
Definition 10 plus other
plus means-tested means-tested
Definition 9 regular-price government Definition 12 government
plus school cash plus noncash
Medicare lunches transfers Medicaid transfers
Def 10 Def 11 Def 12 Def 13 Def 14
Health Insurance Coverage
Covered by:
Employer-provided plan 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.7 4.6
Medicare 21.9 21.9 20.0 19.7 17.0
Also Medicaid 55.3 55.3 45.3 43.5 33.0
Medicaid 64.2 64.2 55.0 48.4 38.9
Not covered by:
Health insurance 40.2 40.2 40.0 40.0 39.1
107/27/99 478
Table 4. Percent of Unrelated Individuals in Poverty, by Definition of Income and Selected Characteristics: 1998 (All Races)
After taxes
Definition 14
plus
net Money
imputed Definition 14 Income Money
return less after Taxes Income
on equity medical not including after
in own home programs EITC Taxes
Def 15 Def 16 Def 17 Def 18
BELOW POVERTY LEVEL
All Races
Total 15.8 18.6 21.1 21.0
Age
15 to 24 years 37.2 37.9 39.2 39.2
25 to 44 years 12.9 13.7 15.1 15.0
45 to 54 years 13.6 16.3 18.6 18.6
55 to 64 years 16.9 21.2 25.6 25.4
65 years and over 10.2 16.4 20.4 20.4
Type of Residence
Inside metropolitan areas 15.4 17.8 20.0 20.0
Inside central cities 18.3 20.3 23.5 23.4
Outside central cities 12.8 15.5 16.9 16.9
Outside metropolitan areas 18.0 22.8 26.2 26.1
Region
Northeast 14.9 17.1 21.3 21.3
Midwest 14.0 16.4 18.4 18.4
South 17.2 21.2 23.5 23.5
West 16.5 18.5 20.0 19.9
107/27/99 479
Table 4. Percent of Unrelated Individuals in Poverty, by Definition of Income and Selected Characteristics: 1998 (All Races)
After taxes
Definition 14
plus
net Money
imputed Definition 14 Income Money
return less after Taxes Income
on equity medical not including after
in own home programs EITC Taxes
Def 15 Def 16 Def 17 Def 18
Educational Attainment
Total, 18 years old and over 15.5 18.3 20.7 20.7
18 to 24 years old 35.2 35.8 37.1 37.1
Less than 12th grade, no diploma 61.8 63.5 66.1 66.1
25 years old and over 12.7 15.8 18.4 18.4
Less than 12th grade, no diploma 23.5 31.0 37.3 37.3
High school graduate, no college 14.5 17.8 20.6 20.5
College: Less than bachelor's degree 9.2 11.1 12.7 12.6
Bachelor's degree or more 6.0 6.7 7.4 7.3
Work Experience in 1998
Total, 20 to 64 years 16.1 17.8 19.8 19.7
Worked at full-time jobs 6.6 6.9 7.7 7.6
50 to 52 weeks 3.3 3.5 3.9 3.9
Worked at part-time jobs 30.9 33.1 36.3 35.9
Did not work 52.8 60.9 67.9 67.9
Program Participation Status
Received:
Cash assistance 35.7 52.7 75.3 75.0
AFDC or other non-SSI 47.2 54.9 71.0 70.0
SSI 33.3 51.9 76.1 76.0
Food stamps 41.8 51.4 75.5 75.3
Housing assistance 18.1 20.6 54.1 54.1
Energy assistance 32.1 45.9 59.5 59.3
Food stamps and cash assistance 37.7 51.0 83.5 83.3
107/27/99 480
Table 4. Percent of Unrelated Individuals in Poverty, by Definition of Income and Selected Characteristics: 1998 (All Races)
After taxes
Definition 14
plus
net Money
imputed Definition 14 Income Money
return less after Taxes Income
on equity medical not including after
in own home programs EITC Taxes
Def 15 Def 16 Def 17 Def 18
Health Insurance Coverage
Covered by:
Employer-provided plan 3.9 4.7 5.6 5.6
Medicare 11.7 18.9 23.9 23.9
Also Medicaid 23.1 38.5 57.4 57.4
Medicaid 32.3 46.2 62.0 61.9
Not covered by:
Health insurance 38.1 39.1 40.1 40.0
107/27/99 481
Table 4. Percent of Unrelated Individuals in Poverty, by Definition of Income and Selected Characteristics: 1998 (All Races)
Defin 1 Defin 2 Defin 3 Defin 4 Defin 5 Defin 6 Defin 7 Defin 8 Defin 9
BELOW POVERTY LEVEL
All Races
Total 8478 14643 14563 14445 14859 14985 14952 15077 9156
Age
15 to 24 years 1977 2090 2081 2053 2180 2199 2199 2238 2105
25 to 44 years 2214 2515 2487 2441 2599 2647 2633 2666 2445
45 to 54 years 1072 1316 1308 1288 1346 1370 1359 1379 1187
55 to 64 years 1065 1582 1577 1566 1604 1635 1627 1636 1130
65 years and over 2150 7140 7110 7096 7130 7135 7135 7158 2288
Type of Residence
Inside metropolitan areas 6661 11426 11361 11266 11575 11673 11649 11750 7196
Inside central cities 3720 5775 5759 5701 5862 5914 5899 5948 3990
Outside central cities 2941 5651 5601 5565 5713 5759 5750 5802 3206
Outside metropolitan areas 1817 3217 3202 3179 3284 3312 3304 3326 1959
Region
Northeast 1714 3118 3099 3075 3135 3161 3152 3175 1833
Midwest 1654 3183 3172 3128 3214 3237 3232 3278 1786
South 3192 5205 5171 5145 5296 5348 5336 5367 3397
West 1918 3137 3122 3097 3214 3239 3232 3257 2140
Educational Attainment
Total, 18 years old and over 8292 14454 14375 14257 14669 14795 14762 14886 8968
18 to 24 years old 1791 1902 1893 1866 1990 2009 2009 2048 1918
Less than 12th grade, no diploma 426 431 431 420 455 461 461 464 463
25 years old and over 6501 12553 12482 12392 12679 12786 12754 12839 7050
Less than 12th grade, no diploma 2541 4725 4709 4693 4774 4789 4782 4816 2716
High school graduate, no college 2266 4522 4480 4431 4529 4566 4559 4577 2448
College: Less than bachelor's degree 1044 2159 2147 2133 2207 2234 2221 2245 1178
Bachelor's degree or more 650 1148 1146 1135 1168 1197 1192 1200 709
107/27/99 482
Table 4. Percent of Unrelated Individuals in Poverty, by Definition of Income and Selected Characteristics: 1998 (All Races)
Defin 1 Defin 2 Defin 3 Defin 4 Defin 5 Defin 6 Defin 7 Defin 8 Defin 9
Work Experience in 1998
Total, 20 to 64 years 5681 6838 6790 6691 7031 7149 7116 7212 6179
Worked at full-time jobs 1465 1644 1607 1521 1751 1828 1810 1870 1698
50 to 52 weeks 586 603 586 552 670 713 703 740 713
Worked at part-time jobs 998 1207 1200 1186 1297 1327 1312 1337 1117
Did not work 3219 3987 3983 3983 3983 3993 3993 4005 3363
Program Participation Status
Received:
Cash assistance 1592 2014 2014 2007 2016 2018 2018 2022 1893
AFDC or other non-SSI 222 291 291 288 290 290 290 292 269
SSI 1422 1792 1792 1787 1795 1797 1797 1799 1683
Food stamps 1466 1752 1751 1751 1767 1775 1774 1781 1595
Housing assistance 1251 1935 1925 1924 1946 1953 1953 1960 1395
Energy assistance 620 937 934 934 936 942 942 945 693
Food stamps and cash assistance 841 984 984 984 987 987 987 989 950
Health Insurance Coverage
Covered by:
Employer-provided plan 1056 2281 2260 2142 2220 2260 2241 2278 1053
Medicare 2788 8202 8172 8158 8195 8211 8211 8239 2986
Also Medicaid 1156 1805 1804 1804 1809 1814 1814 1817 1309
Medicaid 2219 3072 3065 3056 3094 3102 3100 3107 2523
Not covered by:
Health insurance 3010 3199 3173 3173 3381 3428 3420 3477 3267
107/27/99 483
Table 4. Percent of Unrelated Individuals in Poverty, by Definition of Income and Selected Characteristics: 1998 (All Races)
Defin 10 Defin 11 Defin 12 Defin 13 Defin 14 Defin 15 Defin 16 Defin 17 Defin 18
BELOW POVERTY LEVEL
All Races
Total 8725 8725 8350 8111 7550 6739 7928 8972 8946
Age
15 to 24 years 2105 2105 2103 2066 2031 2024 2064 2137 2137
25 to 44 years 2401 2401 2287 2214 2101 2067 2197 2421 2406
45 to 54 years 1143 1143 1068 1006 911 833 1003 1144 1141
55 to 64 years 1090 1090 1041 999 878 739 928 1119 1111
65 years and over 1985 1985 1850 1826 1630 1075 1737 2151 2151
Type of Residence
Inside metropolitan areas 6836 6836 6529 6324 5947 5418 6256 7048 7025
Inside central cities 3808 3808 3619 3481 3217 3049 3385 3915 3902
Outside central cities 3029 3029 2911 2843 2731 2369 2872 3133 3123
Outside metropolitan areas 1889 1889 1821 1787 1603 1321 1672 1924 1921
Region
Northeast 1698 1698 1598 1525 1361 1246 1435 1788 1784
Midwest 1729 1729 1669 1651 1510 1346 1576 1767 1767
South 3243 3243 3139 3072 2871 2452 3016 3354 3344
West 2055 2055 1945 1864 1808 1695 1902 2062 2051
Educational Attainment
Total, 18 years old and over 8538 8538 8163 7933 7372 6561 7742 8783 8757
18 to 24 years old 1918 1918 1915 1888 1853 1846 1878 1948 1948
Less than 12th grade, no diploma 463 463 462 450 440 440 451 470 470
25 years old and over 6620 6620 6248 6045 5519 4715 5864 6835 6809
Less than 12th grade, no diploma 2524 2524 2378 2313 2010 1646 2173 2617 2615
High school graduate, no college 2302 2302 2170 2083 1949 1663 2050 2368 2362
College: Less than bachelor's degree 1103 1103 1035 1006 943 826 997 1138 1133
Bachelor's degree or more 690 690 665 643 617 580 645 711 699
107/27/99 484
Table 4. Percent of Unrelated Individuals in Poverty, by Definition of Income and Selected Characteristics: 1998 (All Races)
Defin 10 Defin 11 Defin 12 Defin 13 Defin 14 Defin 15 Defin 16 Defin 17 Defin 18
Work Experience in 1998
Total, 20 to 64 years 6051 6051 5813 5607 5245 4988 5509 6130 6104
Worked at full-time jobs 1689 1689 1649 1633 1567 1514 1585 1770 1758
50 to 52 weeks 708 708 698 692 664 646 675 762 755
Worked at part-time jobs 1097 1097 1071 1042 1007 967 1034 1136 1122
Did not work 3265 3265 3092 2931 2672 2507 2890 3224 3224
Program Participation Status
Received:
Cash assistance 1773 1773 1431 1246 916 760 1124 1605 1599
AFDC or other non-SSI 265 265 222 206 166 154 179 231 228
SSI 1567 1567 1258 1082 775 624 972 1426 1424
Food stamps 1489 1489 1352 1267 948 829 1018 1497 1492
Housing assistance 1175 1175 1036 920 428 428 488 1282 1282
Energy assistance 639 639 583 555 446 342 489 634 631
Food stamps and cash assistance 903 903 767 695 455 382 517 847 845
Health Insurance Coverage
Covered by:
Employer-provided plan 1014 1014 998 993 965 815 986 1172 1167
Medicare 2556 2556 2335 2299 1984 1366 2210 2791 2791
Also Medicaid 1118 1118 916 881 668 467 778 1161 1161
Medicaid 2332 2332 1998 1758 1412 1172 1675 2251 2246
Not covered by:
Health insurance 3267 3267 3257 3257 3182 3101 3182 3263 3257