07/27/99 415
Table 3. Percent of Families in Poverty, by Definition of Income and Selected Characteristics: 1998 (Black)
Before taxes
Definition 3
Money income-- plus
Excluding health
capital Definition 1 Definition 2 insurance
gains less plus supplements to
(current government capital wage or salary
Total measure) transfers gains income
(thous.) Def 1 Def 2 Def 3 Def 4
BELOW POVERTY LEVEL
Black
All families 8452 23.4 31.9 31.9 30.8
Age of Householder
15 to 24 years 587 54.2 58.4 58.4 56.6
25 to 44 years 4362 26.5 30.1 30.0 28.7
45 to 54 years 1642 11.6 15.7 15.7 14.9
55 to 64 years 898 14.1 25.8 25.5 25.0
65 years and over 962 19.6 57.8 57.8 57.4
Type of Family
Married-couple families 3979 7.3 15.3 15.3 14.4
With related children under 18 2198 8.6 11.6 11.6 10.1
With related children under 6 969 9.6 11.5 11.5 10.2
Male householder, no wife present 660 20.3 27.3 26.9 26.3
Female householder, no husband present 3813 40.8 50.1 50.1 48.7
With related children under 18 2940 47.5 55.0 54.9 53.1
With related children under 6 1413 55.5 63.0 63.0 60.9
Type of Residence
Inside metropolitan areas 7314 23.0 31.4 31.3 30.3
Inside central cities 4624 27.0 36.4 36.4 35.4
Outside central cities 2690 16.2 22.7 22.5 21.4
Outside metropolitan areas 1138 26.0 35.5 35.7 34.2
107/27/99 416
Table 3. Percent of Families in Poverty, by Definition of Income and Selected Characteristics: 1998 (Black)
Before taxes
Definition 3
Money income-- plus
Excluding health
capital Definition 1 Definition 2 insurance
gains less plus supplements to
(current government capital wage or salary
Total measure) transfers gains income
(thous.) Def 1 Def 2 Def 3 Def 4
Region
Northeast 1553 28.1 37.6 37.6 36.6
Midwest 1494 23.8 33.4 33.2 31.3
South 4723 22.3 29.9 30.0 29.1
West 682 20.0 29.9 29.1 28.6
Educational Attainment
Less than 12th grade, no diploma 1952 39.2 57.4 57.2 56.1
High school graduate, no college 2938 26.2 33.0 32.9 31.4
College: Less than bachelor's degree 2423 15.4 20.7 20.9 20.1
Bachelor's degree or more 1138 6.5 9.4 9.2 8.7
Work Experience in 1998
Total, 15 to 64 years 7489 23.9 28.6 28.6 27.4
Worked at full-time jobs 5335 13.4 15.1 15.1 13.9
50 to 52 weeks 4399 7.7 8.6 8.6 7.5
Worked at part-time jobs 754 41.6 50.0 50.0 49.4
Did not work 1401 54.6 68.5 68.4 67.1
Year-Round Full-Time Workers
No workers 2928 53.1 74.5 74.2 73.6
Householder 15 to 64 years 2234 61.8 74.1 73.8 73.0
Householder 65 years and over 694 25.1 75.7 75.6 75.6
One worker 3391 12.0 14.7 14.8 12.9
Two workers or more 2132 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.5
107/27/99 417
Table 3. Percent of Families in Poverty, by Definition of Income and Selected Characteristics: 1998 (Black)
Before taxes
Definition 3
Money income-- plus
Excluding health
capital Definition 1 Definition 2 insurance
gains less plus supplements to
(current government capital wage or salary
Total measure) transfers gains income
(thous.) Def 1 Def 2 Def 3 Def 4
Program Participation Status of
Family Members
One or more members received:
Cash assistance 1411 58.3 77.7 77.5 77.0
AFDC or other non-SSI 904 72.3 86.0 85.6 84.9
SSI 657 40.4 68.6 68.4 68.4
Food stamps 1628 68.3 80.5 80.2 78.8
Housing assistance 1136 67.0 76.7 76.2 75.6
Energy assistance 400 65.5 80.7 80.2 78.8
Free or reduced-price school lunches 2349 49.1 57.5 57.5 54.8
Family received both food stamps and
cash assistance 968 73.3 89.2 88.8 88.1
Health Insurance Coverage
One or more members covered by:
Employer-provided plan 5264 7.3 10.4 10.4 8.7
Medicare 1653 21.9 53.0 53.0 52.0
Medicaid 2556 48.8 62.8 62.8 62.0
No members covered by:
Employer-provided plan or Medicare or
Medicaid 968 36.7 40.0 39.7 39.7
Health insurance 793 39.7 41.8 41.5 41.5
Family received:
Medicare and Medicaid 621 34.6 66.9 66.8 65.8
107/27/99 418
Table 3. Percent of Families in Poverty, by Definition of Income and Selected Characteristics: 1998 (Black)
After taxes
Definition 8
Definition 4 Definition 6 plus
less Definition 5 plus Definition 7 nonmeans-
Social less Earned less tested
Security Federal Income state government
payroll income Tax income cash
taxes taxes Credit taxes transfers
Def 5 Def 6 Def 7 Def 8 Def 9
BELOW POVERTY LEVEL
Black
All families 32.2 32.3 29.2 29.3 22.8
Age of Householder
15 to 24 years 59.7 60.0 54.3 54.9 51.4
25 to 44 years 30.0 30.0 25.7 25.8 24.1
45 to 54 years 15.9 15.9 14.4 14.5 12.4
55 to 64 years 25.8 26.6 25.9 25.9 16.3
65 years and over 58.7 58.7 58.3 58.3 23.1
Type of Family
Married-couple families 15.4 15.4 14.1 14.2 6.9
With related children under 18 11.9 11.9 9.4 9.4 7.3
With related children under 6 12.6 12.6 10.0 10.2 8.7
Male householder, no wife present 27.0 27.3 25.2 25.5 19.9
Female householder, no husband present 50.5 50.7 45.7 45.7 39.9
With related children under 18 54.9 55.1 49.0 49.0 44.8
With related children under 6 62.9 62.9 56.4 56.6 52.3
Type of Residence
Inside metropolitan areas 31.5 31.7 28.7 28.8 22.5
Inside central cities 36.7 36.8 33.8 34.0 27.1
Outside central cities 22.7 22.8 19.8 19.9 14.6
Outside metropolitan areas 36.1 36.1 32.5 32.9 24.4
107/27/99 419
Table 3. Percent of Families in Poverty, by Definition of Income and Selected Characteristics: 1998 (Black)
After taxes
Definition 8
Definition 4 Definition 6 plus
less Definition 5 plus Definition 7 nonmeans-
Social less Earned less tested
Security Federal Income state government
payroll income Tax income cash
taxes taxes Credit taxes transfers
Def 5 Def 6 Def 7 Def 8 Def 9
Region
Northeast 37.9 37.9 33.6 33.9 28.0
Midwest 33.4 33.6 30.0 30.2 22.8
South 30.4 30.5 27.7 27.8 21.0
West 28.6 28.6 27.8 27.8 23.1
Educational Attainment
Less than 12th grade, no diploma 57.4 57.6 55.2 55.3 41.0
High school graduate, no college 33.3 33.4 29.1 29.3 23.7
College: Less than bachelor's degree 21.5 21.6 18.1 18.2 14.8
Bachelor's degree or more 8.7 8.7 8.5 8.5 6.0
Work Experience in 1998
Total, 15 to 64 years 28.7 28.9 25.5 25.6 22.7
Worked at full-time jobs 15.3 15.3 11.4 11.5 10.3
50 to 52 weeks 8.8 8.8 5.0 5.1 4.4
Worked at part-time jobs 51.6 52.0 46.7 46.7 42.6
Did not work 67.8 68.2 67.7 68.1 59.5
Year-Round Full-Time Workers
No workers 74.7 74.7 72.3 72.4 56.2
Householder 15 to 64 years 74.2 74.3 71.1 71.2 64.5
Householder 65 years and over 76.2 76.2 76.2 76.2 29.8
One worker 15.0 15.2 10.0 10.2 7.9
Two workers or more 1.1 1.1 0.5 0.5 0.5
107/27/99 420
Table 3. Percent of Families in Poverty, by Definition of Income and Selected Characteristics: 1998 (Black)
After taxes
Definition 8
Definition 4 Definition 6 plus
less Definition 5 plus Definition 7 nonmeans-
Social less Earned less tested
Security Federal Income state government
payroll income Tax income cash
taxes taxes Credit taxes transfers
Def 5 Def 6 Def 7 Def 8 Def 9
Program Participation Status of
Family Members
One or more members received:
Cash assistance 77.7 77.9 76.0 76.0 69.6
AFDC or other non-SSI 85.9 86.3 83.5 83.5 79.3
SSI 68.5 69.0 68.5 68.5 58.7
Food stamps 80.5 80.9 76.0 76.2 70.8
Housing assistance 77.7 77.7 70.6 70.7 66.6
Energy assistance 81.6 82.3 75.2 75.2 67.8
Free or reduced-price school lunches 57.0 57.3 50.2 50.4 45.3
Family received both food stamps and
cash assistance 89.0 89.2 87.1 87.1 82.5
Health Insurance Coverage
One or more members covered by:
Employer-provided plan 9.6 9.6 7.6 7.7 4.9
Medicare 53.8 54.1 52.7 52.7 25.1
Medicaid 63.3 63.5 58.7 58.9 51.8
No members covered by:
Employer-provided plan or Medicare or
Medicaid 42.8 43.0 37.6 37.9 34.0
Health insurance 44.4 44.7 39.2 39.5 36.6
Family received:
Medicare and Medicaid 68.1 68.1 66.3 66.3 42.8
107/27/99 421
Table 3. Percent of Families in Poverty, by Definition of Income and Selected Characteristics: 1998 (Black)
After taxes
Definition 13
Definition 11 plus
Definition 10 plus other
plus means-tested means-tested
Definition 9 regular-price government Definition 12 government
plus school cash plus noncash
Medicare lunches transfers Medicaid transfers
Def 10 Def 11 Def 12 Def 13 Def 14
BELOW POVERTY LEVEL
Black
All families 22.1 22.1 20.3 18.9 15.9
Age of Householder
15 to 24 years 51.4 51.4 49.2 44.5 38.5
25 to 44 years 24.0 24.0 22.4 20.8 17.0
45 to 54 years 12.2 12.2 10.1 9.5 8.6
55 to 64 years 14.0 14.0 12.4 11.9 10.4
65 years and over 20.4 20.4 17.7 17.0 15.3
Type of Family
Married-couple families 6.3 6.3 5.6 5.2 4.5
With related children under 18 6.8 6.8 6.3 5.5 4.7
With related children under 6 8.5 8.5 8.2 7.0 5.6
Male householder, no wife present 18.4 18.4 17.8 16.8 14.7
Female householder, no husband present 39.3 39.2 36.0 33.5 28.1
With related children under 18 44.5 44.4 41.1 38.2 31.6
With related children under 6 52.2 52.2 48.9 45.4 39.5
Type of Residence
Inside metropolitan areas 21.8 21.8 19.9 18.4 15.4
Inside central cities 26.4 26.4 23.9 21.9 17.9
Outside central cities 14.0 14.0 13.1 12.5 11.1
Outside metropolitan areas 24.1 24.1 22.4 21.9 19.2
107/27/99 422
Table 3. Percent of Families in Poverty, by Definition of Income and Selected Characteristics: 1998 (Black)
After taxes
Definition 13
Definition 11 plus
Definition 10 plus other
plus means-tested means-tested
Definition 9 regular-price government Definition 12 government
plus school cash plus noncash
Medicare lunches transfers Medicaid transfers
Def 10 Def 11 Def 12 Def 13 Def 14
Region
Northeast 27.4 27.4 24.5 22.2 18.1
Midwest 21.8 21.8 20.0 18.0 15.5
South 20.5 20.5 19.4 18.5 15.8
West 22.4 22.4 17.2 16.0 13.0
Educational Attainment
Less than 12th grade, no diploma 38.9 38.9 35.6 33.9 29.8
High school graduate, no college 23.5 23.5 21.8 20.2 16.6
College: Less than bachelor's degree 14.5 14.5 13.0 11.9 9.6
Bachelor's degree or more 5.9 5.9 5.5 4.7 4.1
Work Experience in 1998
Total, 15 to 64 years 22.4 22.4 20.6 19.1 16.0
Worked at full-time jobs 10.3 10.3 9.6 8.5 6.6
50 to 52 weeks 4.4 4.4 3.9 3.7 2.7
Worked at part-time jobs 42.6 42.6 38.1 37.2 29.0
Did not work 57.5 57.5 53.1 50.0 45.0
Year-Round Full-Time Workers
No workers 54.5 54.5 50.0 47.1 40.4
Householder 15 to 64 years 63.3 63.3 58.6 54.8 46.6
Householder 65 years and over 26.2 26.2 22.5 22.3 20.3
One worker 7.8 7.8 7.0 6.1 4.6
Two workers or more 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.4
107/27/99 423
Table 3. Percent of Families in Poverty, by Definition of Income and Selected Characteristics: 1998 (Black)
After taxes
Definition 13
Definition 11 plus
Definition 10 plus other
plus means-tested means-tested
Definition 9 regular-price government Definition 12 government
plus school cash plus noncash
Medicare lunches transfers Medicaid transfers
Def 10 Def 11 Def 12 Def 13 Def 14
Program Participation Status of
Family Members
One or more members received:
Cash assistance 67.2 67.2 56.0 49.9 41.7
AFDC or other non-SSI 78.5 78.4 69.6 62.2 51.3
SSI 54.7 54.6 39.1 32.0 25.4
Food stamps 69.8 69.8 63.3 56.7 44.0
Housing assistance 65.3 65.3 60.7 54.2 40.1
Energy assistance 67.3 67.1 62.0 51.0 42.6
Free or reduced-price school lunches 44.7 44.6 41.1 37.6 30.6
Family received both food stamps and
cash assistance 81.2 81.2 70.4 61.9 50.2
Health Insurance Coverage
One or more members covered by:
Employer-provided plan 4.6 4.6 4.2 3.9 3.1
Medicare 21.8 21.8 19.1 18.7 16.4
Medicaid 50.2 50.1 43.9 39.4 32.0
No members covered by:
Employer-provided plan or Medicare or
Medicaid 34.0 34.0 34.0 34.0 31.4
Health insurance 36.6 36.6 36.6 36.6 33.6
Family received:
Medicare and Medicaid 36.1 36.1 28.9 27.9 23.1
107/27/99 424
Table 3. Percent of Families in Poverty, by Definition of Income and Selected Characteristics: 1998 (Black)
After taxes
Definition 14
plus
net Money
imputed Definition 14 Income Money
return less after Taxes Income
on equity medical not including after
in own home programs EITC Taxes
Def 15 Def 16 Def 17 Def 18
BELOW POVERTY LEVEL
Black
All families 15.2 16.8 25.0 21.5
Age of Householder
15 to 24 years 38.5 41.3 59.1 50.0
25 to 44 years 16.6 17.6 28.3 23.5
45 to 54 years 7.9 9.1 13.0 11.2
55 to 64 years 9.6 11.8 14.5 14.0
65 years and over 12.2 16.2 19.9 19.4
Type of Family
Married-couple families 3.9 5.1 8.1 7.1
With related children under 18 4.3 5.4 9.9 8.2
With related children under 6 5.6 6.9 12.3 10.0
Male householder, no wife present 13.3 14.9 21.3 18.4
Female householder, no husband present 27.3 29.3 43.3 37.0
With related children under 18 31.0 32.9 50.4 42.3
With related children under 6 39.1 41.5 58.7 50.1
Type of Residence
Inside metropolitan areas 14.9 16.2 24.6 21.1
Inside central cities 17.3 18.9 29.0 25.2
Outside central cities 10.6 11.7 17.1 14.1
Outside metropolitan areas 17.1 20.4 27.6 23.7
107/27/99 425
Table 3. Percent of Families in Poverty, by Definition of Income and Selected Characteristics: 1998 (Black)
After taxes
Definition 14
plus
net Money
imputed Definition 14 Income Money
return less after Taxes Income
on equity medical not including after
in own home programs EITC Taxes
Def 15 Def 16 Def 17 Def 18
Region
Northeast 17.5 19.3 30.6 26.1
Midwest 15.2 17.1 25.4 22.0
South 14.8 16.3 23.8 20.2
West 12.0 14.3 20.1 18.5
Educational Attainment
Less than 12th grade, no diploma 28.4 31.3 40.4 37.6
High school graduate, no college 15.7 17.7 27.8 23.2
College: Less than bachelor's degree 8.9 9.9 17.7 13.8
Bachelor's degree or more 4.3 4.3 6.9 5.7
Work Experience in 1998
Total, 15 to 64 years 15.5 16.9 25.7 21.7
Worked at full-time jobs 6.3 6.7 14.6 10.6
50 to 52 weeks 2.4 2.8 8.8 5.1
Worked at part-time jobs 28.6 29.9 46.8 38.4
Did not work 43.8 48.5 56.3 55.1
Year-Round Full-Time Workers
No workers 38.6 42.4 55.1 51.1
Householder 15 to 64 years 45.5 48.9 64.5 59.3
Householder 65 years and over 16.4 21.3 25.1 24.8
One worker 4.1 5.0 14.0 8.9
Two workers or more 0.6 0.5 1.2 0.7
107/27/99 426
Table 3. Percent of Families in Poverty, by Definition of Income and Selected Characteristics: 1998 (Black)
After taxes
Definition 14
plus
net Money
imputed Definition 14 Income Money
return less after Taxes Income
on equity medical not including after
in own home programs EITC Taxes
Def 15 Def 16 Def 17 Def 18
Program Participation Status of
Family Members
One or more members received:
Cash assistance 40.9 45.1 60.2 57.0
AFDC or other non-SSI 50.8 54.9 74.6 70.4
SSI 24.3 29.8 41.4 40.1
Food stamps 43.1 47.3 70.9 64.9
Housing assistance 40.1 42.8 69.6 62.4
Energy assistance 40.0 43.8 71.4 64.4
Free or reduced-price school lunches 29.5 32.3 52.0 43.1
Family received both food stamps and
cash assistance 49.2 54.8 76.0 71.7
Health Insurance Coverage
One or more members covered by:
Employer-provided plan 2.8 3.1 8.3 5.7
Medicare 13.9 18.1 22.6 21.4
Medicaid 31.2 34.6 51.0 45.2
No members covered by:
Employer-provided plan or Medicare or
Medicaid 30.8 31.4 40.3 34.0
Health insurance 33.1 33.6 43.5 36.6
Family received:
Medicare and Medicaid 21.8 26.5 35.3 32.4
107/27/99 427
Table 3. Percent of Families in Poverty, by Definition of Income and Selected Characteristics: 1998 (Black)
Defin 1 Defin 2 Defin 3 Defin 4 Defin 5 Defin 6 Defin 7 Defin 8 Defin 9
BELOW POVERTY LEVEL
Black
All families 1981 2699 2695 2604 2718 2727 2468 2479 1926
Age of Householder
15 to 24 years 318 342 342 332 350 352 318 322 301
25 to 44 years 1157 1311 1310 1252 1310 1310 1120 1124 1052
45 to 54 years 190 258 258 244 261 261 236 238 203
55 to 64 years 127 231 229 225 232 239 233 233 147
65 years and over 188 557 556 552 565 565 561 561 222
Type of Family
Married-couple families 290 608 607 573 614 614 560 566 273
With related children under 18 189 255 255 223 261 261 206 207 160
With related children under 6 93 111 112 98 122 122 97 99 84
Male householder, no wife present 134 180 178 174 178 180 166 168 131
Female householder, no husband present 1557 1912 1910 1858 1925 1933 1742 1744 1522
With related children under 18 1397 1616 1614 1562 1614 1621 1439 1442 1316
With related children under 6 784 890 890 861 888 888 797 800 739
Type of Residence
Inside metropolitan areas 1685 2295 2289 2215 2307 2317 2098 2105 1648
Inside central cities 1250 1685 1683 1639 1695 1703 1565 1570 1254
Outside central cities 436 610 606 576 612 614 533 535 394
Outside metropolitan areas 296 404 406 389 411 411 370 374 278
Region
Northeast 436 584 584 569 589 589 522 527 435
Midwest 356 499 496 468 499 502 448 451 340
South 1053 1412 1417 1372 1435 1442 1308 1312 994
West 136 204 198 195 195 195 189 189 157
Educational Attainment
Less than 12th grade, no diploma 765 1121 1117 1095 1121 1125 1078 1080 801
107/27/99 428
Table 3. Percent of Families in Poverty, by Definition of Income and Selected Characteristics: 1998 (Black)
Defin 1 Defin 2 Defin 3 Defin 4 Defin 5 Defin 6 Defin 7 Defin 8 Defin 9
High school graduate, no college 771 970 967 922 977 981 855 861 697
College: Less than bachelor's degree 372 501 506 488 520 522 439 442 359
Bachelor's degree or more 73 107 105 99 99 99 96 96 68
Work Experience in 1998
Total, 15 to 64 years 1793 2143 2139 2052 2153 2162 1907 1918 1703
Worked at full-time jobs 715 806 803 739 815 815 606 612 548
50 to 52 weeks 341 378 379 329 387 387 219 224 195
Worked at part-time jobs 314 377 377 372 389 392 352 352 321
Did not work 764 959 958 940 949 955 949 954 834
Year-Round Full-Time Workers
No workers 1555 2182 2174 2155 2187 2189 2117 2120 1647
Householder 15 to 64 years 1381 1656 1649 1630 1658 1660 1589 1591 1440
Householder 65 years and over 174 526 525 525 529 529 529 529 207
One worker 408 500 503 437 507 515 339 347 267
Two workers or more 18 18 18 11 23 23 11 11 11
Program Participation Status of
Family Members
One or more members received:
Cash assistance 822 1097 1094 1087 1097 1100 1072 1072 982
AFDC or other non-SSI 653 778 774 767 777 780 755 755 717
SSI 265 451 450 450 451 453 450 450 386
Food stamps 1112 1311 1306 1283 1311 1317 1238 1241 1152
Housing assistance 761 871 866 859 882 882 802 803 756
Energy assistance 262 323 321 315 327 329 301 301 271
Free or reduced-price school lunches 1153 1351 1350 1287 1339 1345 1180 1183 1065
Family received both food stamps and
cash assistance 710 863 860 853 862 864 844 844 799
Health Insurance Coverage
One or more members covered by:
Employer-provided plan 382 547 549 458 507 507 400 404 256
Medicare 362 875 876 859 888 893 871 871 415
Medicaid 1247 1607 1605 1584 1619 1622 1501 1506 1324
107/27/99 429
Table 3. Percent of Families in Poverty, by Definition of Income and Selected Characteristics: 1998 (Black)
Defin 1 Defin 2 Defin 3 Defin 4 Defin 5 Defin 6 Defin 7 Defin 8 Defin 9
No members covered by:
Employer-provided plan or Medicare or
Medicaid 356 387 385 385 414 417 364 367 329
Health insurance 315 331 329 329 352 354 311 313 290
Family received:
Medicare and Medicaid 215 415 415 409 423 423 412 412 266
107/27/99 430
Table 3. Percent of Families in Poverty, by Definition of Income and Selected Characteristics: 1998 (Black)
Defin 10 Defin 11 Defin 12 Defin 13 Defin 14 Defin 15 Defin 16 Defin 17 Defin 18
BELOW POVERTY LEVEL
Black
All families 1871 1870 1712 1596 1348 1281 1420 2113 1815
Age of Householder
15 to 24 years 301 301 288 261 226 226 242 347 293
25 to 44 years 1047 1046 976 908 741 723 767 1233 1025
45 to 54 years 201 201 166 156 141 129 150 213 184
55 to 64 years 126 126 112 107 93 86 106 130 126
65 years and over 196 196 170 164 147 117 156 191 187
Type of Family
Married-couple families 252 252 223 206 179 154 204 321 284
With related children under 18 151 151 138 121 102 94 118 217 180
With related children under 6 82 82 80 68 55 55 67 119 97
Male householder, no wife present 122 122 118 111 97 88 98 140 121
Female householder, no husband present 1497 1496 1371 1279 1072 1040 1118 1653 1409
With related children under 18 1307 1306 1208 1122 929 912 968 1481 1242
With related children under 6 738 738 690 641 558 553 586 829 707
Type of Residence
Inside metropolitan areas 1597 1596 1457 1347 1129 1087 1188 1799 1546
Inside central cities 1220 1219 1104 1010 830 801 874 1339 1166
Outside central cities 377 377 353 336 300 286 314 460 380
Outside metropolitan areas 274 274 255 249 218 194 232 314 269
Region
Northeast 426 426 380 345 281 272 300 476 405
Midwest 325 325 299 269 232 226 255 379 329
South 967 966 915 873 746 701 768 1122 955
West 153 153 117 109 88 82 98 137 126
Educational Attainment
Less than 12th grade, no diploma 760 760 695 661 581 554 610 790 734
107/27/99 431
Table 3. Percent of Families in Poverty, by Definition of Income and Selected Characteristics: 1998 (Black)
Defin 10 Defin 11 Defin 12 Defin 13 Defin 14 Defin 15 Defin 16 Defin 17 Defin 18
High school graduate, no college 691 691 640 594 487 463 520 817 683
College: Less than bachelor's degree 352 351 314 287 232 217 241 428 334
Bachelor's degree or more 68 68 63 54 47 48 49 79 65
Work Experience in 1998
Total, 15 to 64 years 1675 1674 1542 1432 1201 1164 1265 1922 1628
Worked at full-time jobs 548 548 511 451 352 334 360 781 566
50 to 52 weeks 195 195 174 161 117 107 123 386 224
Worked at part-time jobs 321 321 287 280 219 216 225 353 289
Did not work 806 805 744 700 630 614 680 788 772
Year-Round Full-Time Workers
No workers 1597 1596 1466 1379 1182 1131 1240 1614 1497
Householder 15 to 64 years 1414 1414 1309 1224 1041 1017 1093 1440 1325
Householder 65 years and over 182 182 156 155 141 114 148 174 172
One worker 263 263 237 208 156 137 169 473 302
Two workers or more 11 11 9 9 9 13 11 26 15
Program Participation Status of
Family Members
One or more members received:
Cash assistance 949 948 790 705 589 577 636 850 804
AFDC or other non-SSI 709 708 629 562 464 459 497 674 637
SSI 360 359 257 210 167 160 196 272 264
Food stamps 1136 1136 1031 923 716 702 770 1154 1056
Housing assistance 742 742 689 615 456 456 486 790 708
Energy assistance 270 269 248 204 171 160 175 286 258
Free or reduced-price school lunches 1049 1049 965 884 718 694 759 1221 1012
Family received both food stamps and
cash assistance 786 786 682 599 486 477 531 736 694
Health Insurance Coverage
One or more members covered by:
Employer-provided plan 242 241 221 206 161 147 165 437 300
Medicare 360 360 315 309 271 230 299 374 354
Medicaid 1282 1281 1123 1007 817 797 884 1303 1156
107/27/99 432
Table 3. Percent of Families in Poverty, by Definition of Income and Selected Characteristics: 1998 (Black)
Defin 10 Defin 11 Defin 12 Defin 13 Defin 14 Defin 15 Defin 16 Defin 17 Defin 18
No members covered by:
Employer-provided plan or Medicare or
Medicaid 329 329 329 329 304 298 304 390 329
Health insurance 290 290 290 290 267 262 267 345 290
Family received:
Medicare and Medicaid 224 224 180 173 143 135 165 219 201