07/27/99 397
Table 3. Percent of Families in Poverty, by Definition of Income and Selected Characteristics: 1998 (White)
Before taxes
Definition 3
Money income-- plus
Excluding health
capital Definition 1 Definition 2 insurance
gains less plus supplements to
(current government capital wage or salary
Total measure) transfers gains income
(thous.) Def 1 Def 2 Def 3 Def 4
BELOW POVERTY LEVEL
White
All families 60077 8.0 15.8 15.6 15.1
Age of Householder
15 to 24 years 2504 26.0 28.1 27.7 26.3
25 to 44 years 26141 10.1 11.6 11.6 10.9
45 to 54 years 12845 4.5 6.8 6.6 6.2
55 to 64 years 8356 5.4 12.1 12.0 11.7
65 years and over 10231 5.0 37.8 37.4 37.1
Type of Family
Married-couple families 48461 5.0 12.7 12.5 12.1
With related children under 18 22634 6.6 7.9 7.8 7.2
With related children under 6 10542 8.8 9.9 9.7 8.9
Male householder, no wife present 3087 9.9 15.7 15.6 15.0
Female householder, no husband present 8529 24.9 33.5 33.3 32.2
With related children under 18 5691 33.8 38.8 38.6 37.2
With related children under 6 2246 46.1 49.7 49.4 48.3
Type of Residence
Inside metropolitan areas 46962 7.6 14.7 14.5 14.0
Inside central cities 13803 11.7 18.9 18.7 18.0
Outside central cities 33159 5.9 12.9 12.7 12.3
Outside metropolitan areas 13115 9.6 19.8 19.8 19.2
107/27/99 398
Table 3. Percent of Families in Poverty, by Definition of Income and Selected Characteristics: 1998 (White)
Before taxes
Definition 3
Money income-- plus
Excluding health
capital Definition 1 Definition 2 insurance
gains less plus supplements to
(current government capital wage or salary
Total measure) transfers gains income
(thous.) Def 1 Def 2 Def 3 Def 4
Region
Northeast 11374 6.9 14.3 14.1 13.5
Midwest 15022 6.3 14.1 13.9 13.5
South 20540 8.1 16.8 16.6 16.3
West 13140 10.9 17.5 17.3 16.6
Educational Attainment
Less than 12th grade, no diploma 9183 21.8 40.7 40.2 39.1
High school graduate, no college 19321 8.6 17.1 17.0 16.3
College: Less than bachelor's degree 15751 5.7 11.1 11.0 10.6
Bachelor's degree or more 15821 1.6 4.4 4.3 4.2
Work Experience in 1998
Total, 15 to 64 years 49846 8.7 11.3 11.2 10.6
Worked at full-time jobs 38788 4.9 5.6 5.5 4.9
50 to 52 weeks 33536 3.0 3.4 3.4 2.9
Worked at part-time jobs 4560 16.6 19.6 19.5 19.1
Did not work 6497 25.7 39.4 39.3 38.7
Year-Round Full-Time Workers
No workers 16427 20.7 47.3 46.9 46.2
Householder 15 to 64 years 8544 34.2 47.1 46.8 45.7
Householder 65 years and over 7883 6.0 47.4 46.9 46.7
One worker 26371 5.0 6.0 5.9 5.2
Two workers or more 17278 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.6
107/27/99 399
Table 3. Percent of Families in Poverty, by Definition of Income and Selected Characteristics: 1998 (White)
Before taxes
Definition 3
Money income-- plus
Excluding health
capital Definition 1 Definition 2 insurance
gains less plus supplements to
(current government capital wage or salary
Total measure) transfers gains income
(thous.) Def 1 Def 2 Def 3 Def 4
Program Participation Status of
Family Members
One or more members received:
Cash assistance 2781 46.2 66.6 65.9 65.3
AFDC or other non-SSI 1375 67.4 81.0 80.2 79.3
SSI 1629 30.4 57.4 56.9 56.7
Food stamps 2783 64.1 78.0 77.3 75.7
Housing assistance 1417 54.1 69.3 68.6 67.2
Energy assistance 907 55.6 76.6 76.0 74.3
Free or reduced-price school lunches 5266 38.7 45.3 44.9 42.8
Family received both food stamps and
cash assistance 1512 68.7 86.8 86.3 85.5
Health Insurance Coverage
One or more members covered by:
Employer-provided plan 44690 3.0 6.1 6.0 5.4
Medicare 13141 5.8 36.4 36.0 35.6
Medicaid 6768 34.8 49.5 48.9 47.8
No members covered by:
Employer-provided plan or Medicare or
Medicaid 6307 19.1 21.3 21.1 21.1
Health insurance 3825 25.0 27.1 26.9 26.9
Family received:
Medicare and Medicaid 1832 16.6 52.2 51.7 50.8
107/27/99 400
Table 3. Percent of Families in Poverty, by Definition of Income and Selected Characteristics: 1998 (White)
After taxes
Definition 8
Definition 4 Definition 6 plus
less Definition 5 plus Definition 7 nonmeans-
Social less Earned less tested
Security Federal Income state government
payroll income Tax income cash
taxes taxes Credit taxes transfers
Def 5 Def 6 Def 7 Def 8 Def 9
BELOW POVERTY LEVEL
White
All families 15.8 15.9 14.6 14.7 7.6
Age of Householder
15 to 24 years 27.9 27.9 23.6 23.6 22.6
25 to 44 years 11.8 11.9 9.7 9.8 8.8
45 to 54 years 6.8 6.8 6.1 6.1 4.5
55 to 64 years 12.0 12.1 11.9 12.0 6.2
65 years and over 37.6 37.9 37.7 37.8 5.7
Type of Family
Married-couple families 12.7 12.7 11.9 12.0 4.6
With related children under 18 8.1 8.1 6.5 6.5 5.5
With related children under 6 10.0 10.0 7.7 7.8 7.1
Male householder, no wife present 15.9 16.0 13.9 13.9 9.0
Female householder, no husband present 33.8 34.0 30.0 30.1 23.7
With related children under 18 39.1 39.2 33.4 33.6 31.0
With related children under 6 50.6 50.7 43.1 43.2 41.9
Type of Residence
Inside metropolitan areas 14.6 14.7 13.5 13.5 7.1
Inside central cities 18.9 18.9 17.1 17.1 10.9
Outside central cities 12.9 13.0 11.9 12.0 5.5
Outside metropolitan areas 20.1 20.2 18.7 18.8 9.2
107/27/99 401
Table 3. Percent of Families in Poverty, by Definition of Income and Selected Characteristics: 1998 (White)
After taxes
Definition 8
Definition 4 Definition 6 plus
less Definition 5 plus Definition 7 nonmeans-
Social less Earned less tested
Security Federal Income state government
payroll income Tax income cash
taxes taxes Credit taxes transfers
Def 5 Def 6 Def 7 Def 8 Def 9
Region
Northeast 14.3 14.4 13.5 13.6 6.8
Midwest 13.9 14.0 13.0 13.1 5.9
South 17.1 17.1 15.7 15.7 7.7
West 17.5 17.5 15.7 15.7 9.9
Educational Attainment
Less than 12th grade, no diploma 40.9 41.1 38.3 38.5 21.4
High school graduate, no college 17.2 17.2 15.6 15.8 7.8
College: Less than bachelor's degree 11.2 11.2 10.0 10.0 5.1
Bachelor's degree or more 4.4 4.4 4.1 4.1 1.6
Work Experience in 1998
Total, 15 to 64 years 11.4 11.4 9.8 9.9 7.9
Worked at full-time jobs 5.7 5.7 4.2 4.2 3.8
50 to 52 weeks 3.5 3.5 2.3 2.4 2.2
Worked at part-time jobs 19.9 19.9 17.3 17.4 15.4
Did not work 39.5 39.8 38.4 38.6 27.4
Year-Round Full-Time Workers
No workers 47.0 47.2 45.5 45.7 21.0
Householder 15 to 64 years 47.0 47.1 44.0 44.2 33.9
Householder 65 years and over 47.1 47.2 47.1 47.2 6.9
One worker 6.2 6.3 4.4 4.5 3.8
Two workers or more 0.9 0.9 0.7 0.7 0.6
107/27/99 402
Table 3. Percent of Families in Poverty, by Definition of Income and Selected Characteristics: 1998 (White)
After taxes
Definition 8
Definition 4 Definition 6 plus
less Definition 5 plus Definition 7 nonmeans-
Social less Earned less tested
Security Federal Income state government
payroll income Tax income cash
taxes taxes Credit taxes transfers
Def 5 Def 6 Def 7 Def 8 Def 9
Program Participation Status of
Family Members
One or more members received:
Cash assistance 67.0 67.2 63.2 63.5 55.6
AFDC or other non-SSI 81.5 81.7 75.2 75.5 71.4
SSI 57.9 58.1 56.4 56.9 45.5
Food stamps 78.7 78.7 70.6 70.9 63.6
Housing assistance 68.7 68.7 62.5 62.6 53.5
Energy assistance 76.5 76.7 71.2 71.4 58.6
Free or reduced-price school lunches 45.8 45.9 38.4 38.7 34.6
Family received both food stamps and
cash assistance 87.5 87.6 82.4 82.4 76.3
Health Insurance Coverage
One or more members covered by:
Employer-provided plan 5.7 5.8 5.1 5.1 2.2
Medicare 36.2 36.4 36.1 36.2 6.8
Medicaid 50.2 50.4 45.0 45.2 35.6
No members covered by:
Employer-provided plan or Medicare or
Medicaid 23.0 23.1 19.6 19.8 17.7
Health insurance 29.4 29.5 25.0 25.3 23.1
Family received:
Medicare and Medicaid 52.2 52.9 51.6 51.7 24.4
107/27/99 403
Table 3. Percent of Families in Poverty, by Definition of Income and Selected Characteristics: 1998 (White)
After taxes
Definition 13
Definition 11 plus
Definition 10 plus other
plus means-tested means-tested
Definition 9 regular-price government Definition 12 government
plus school cash plus noncash
Medicare lunches transfers Medicaid transfers
Def 10 Def 11 Def 12 Def 13 Def 14
BELOW POVERTY LEVEL
White
All families 7.3 7.3 6.7 6.4 5.8
Age of Householder
15 to 24 years 22.5 22.5 21.6 20.4 18.5
25 to 44 years 8.7 8.7 8.1 7.7 6.7
45 to 54 years 4.4 4.4 3.9 3.8 3.4
55 to 64 years 5.7 5.7 5.0 4.8 4.7
65 years and over 5.1 5.1 4.5 4.4 4.3
Type of Family
Married-couple families 4.4 4.4 4.1 3.9 3.6
With related children under 18 5.4 5.4 5.1 4.8 4.3
With related children under 6 7.0 7.0 6.6 6.1 5.2
Male householder, no wife present 8.9 8.9 7.9 7.6 7.1
Female householder, no husband present 23.3 23.3 21.3 20.3 17.8
With related children under 18 30.8 30.8 28.8 27.3 23.7
With related children under 6 41.9 41.9 40.0 38.0 33.5
Type of Residence
Inside metropolitan areas 6.9 6.9 6.3 6.0 5.5
Inside central cities 10.6 10.6 9.6 9.0 7.9
Outside central cities 5.4 5.4 5.0 4.8 4.4
Outside metropolitan areas 8.9 8.9 8.3 7.9 7.2
107/27/99 404
Table 3. Percent of Families in Poverty, by Definition of Income and Selected Characteristics: 1998 (White)
After taxes
Definition 13
Definition 11 plus
Definition 10 plus other
plus means-tested means-tested
Definition 9 regular-price government Definition 12 government
plus school cash plus noncash
Medicare lunches transfers Medicaid transfers
Def 10 Def 11 Def 12 Def 13 Def 14
Region
Northeast 6.6 6.6 5.8 5.4 4.8
Midwest 5.8 5.8 5.4 5.1 4.5
South 7.4 7.4 6.9 6.6 6.2
West 9.7 9.7 9.0 8.5 7.7
Educational Attainment
Less than 12th grade, no diploma 20.6 20.6 18.7 18.0 16.1
High school graduate, no college 7.7 7.7 7.2 6.9 6.2
College: Less than bachelor's degree 5.0 5.0 4.5 4.3 3.9
Bachelor's degree or more 1.5 1.5 1.4 1.3 1.3
Work Experience in 1998
Total, 15 to 64 years 7.8 7.8 7.2 6.8 6.1
Worked at full-time jobs 3.8 3.8 3.5 3.3 2.9
50 to 52 weeks 2.2 2.1 2.0 1.9 1.7
Worked at part-time jobs 15.3 15.2 14.4 13.7 12.0
Did not work 26.6 26.6 24.2 23.0 21.2
Year-Round Full-Time Workers
No workers 20.3 20.3 18.6 17.9 16.3
Householder 15 to 64 years 33.4 33.3 30.8 29.4 26.4
Householder 65 years and over 6.2 6.2 5.4 5.4 5.2
One worker 3.7 3.7 3.4 3.2 2.8
Two workers or more 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5
107/27/99 405
Table 3. Percent of Families in Poverty, by Definition of Income and Selected Characteristics: 1998 (White)
After taxes
Definition 13
Definition 11 plus
Definition 10 plus other
plus means-tested means-tested
Definition 9 regular-price government Definition 12 government
plus school cash plus noncash
Medicare lunches transfers Medicaid transfers
Def 10 Def 11 Def 12 Def 13 Def 14
Program Participation Status of
Family Members
One or more members received:
Cash assistance 53.1 53.1 41.0 37.1 31.2
AFDC or other non-SSI 70.4 70.4 60.3 55.0 45.4
SSI 41.6 41.6 26.8 22.8 19.9
Food stamps 61.9 61.9 54.9 49.8 39.6
Housing assistance 52.3 52.3 46.2 40.8 28.1
Energy assistance 56.0 56.0 48.1 43.4 35.3
Free or reduced-price school lunches 34.3 34.3 31.8 29.4 24.6
Family received both food stamps and
cash assistance 74.2 74.2 61.6 55.1 44.4
Health Insurance Coverage
One or more members covered by:
Employer-provided plan 2.2 2.2 2.1 2.0 1.9
Medicare 5.8 5.8 5.0 4.9 4.7
Medicaid 34.3 34.2 29.2 26.6 22.6
No members covered by:
Employer-provided plan or Medicare or
Medicaid 17.7 17.7 17.5 17.5 16.5
Health insurance 23.1 23.1 23.0 23.0 21.6
Family received:
Medicare and Medicaid 19.5 19.5 13.5 13.0 11.3
107/27/99 406
Table 3. Percent of Families in Poverty, by Definition of Income and Selected Characteristics: 1998 (White)
After taxes
Definition 14
plus
net Money
imputed Definition 14 Income Money
return less after Taxes Income
on equity medical not including after
in own home programs EITC Taxes
Def 15 Def 16 Def 17 Def 18
BELOW POVERTY LEVEL
White
All families 5.3 6.1 8.6 7.2
Age of Householder
15 to 24 years 18.1 19.5 27.5 22.8
25 to 44 years 6.6 7.0 11.0 8.7
45 to 54 years 3.0 3.5 5.0 4.2
55 to 64 years 3.7 4.9 5.6 5.4
65 years and over 3.1 4.6 5.0 4.9
Type of Family
Married-couple families 3.2 3.9 5.4 4.5
With related children under 18 4.0 4.6 7.5 5.7
With related children under 6 4.9 5.8 9.8 7.5
Male householder, no wife present 6.6 7.2 10.6 8.6
Female householder, no husband present 17.0 18.3 26.4 22.1
With related children under 18 23.0 24.3 35.9 29.8
With related children under 6 33.2 35.0 48.3 41.1
Type of Residence
Inside metropolitan areas 5.0 5.7 8.1 6.8
Inside central cities 7.6 8.2 12.2 10.3
Outside central cities 4.0 4.6 6.4 5.3
Outside metropolitan areas 6.2 7.6 10.4 8.9
107/27/99 407
Table 3. Percent of Families in Poverty, by Definition of Income and Selected Characteristics: 1998 (White)
After taxes
Definition 14
plus
net Money
imputed Definition 14 Income Money
return less after Taxes Income
on equity medical not including after
in own home programs EITC Taxes
Def 15 Def 16 Def 17 Def 18
Region
Northeast 4.5 5.0 7.5 6.2
Midwest 4.0 4.6 6.8 5.7
South 5.5 6.5 8.8 7.4
West 7.1 8.0 11.5 9.7
Educational Attainment
Less than 12th grade, no diploma 14.5 16.9 23.0 20.1
High school graduate, no college 5.8 6.5 9.3 7.7
College: Less than bachelor's degree 3.6 4.0 6.1 5.0
Bachelor's degree or more 1.1 1.3 1.9 1.6
Work Experience in 1998
Total, 15 to 64 years 5.7 6.4 9.4 7.7
Worked at full-time jobs 2.8 3.0 5.6 4.0
50 to 52 weeks 1.6 1.8 3.6 2.3
Worked at part-time jobs 11.3 12.4 17.5 15.2
Did not work 19.4 22.1 26.4 25.0
Year-Round Full-Time Workers
No workers 14.7 16.9 21.1 19.5
Householder 15 to 64 years 24.8 27.4 35.1 32.1
Householder 65 years and over 3.8 5.5 5.9 5.9
One worker 2.6 3.0 6.0 3.9
Two workers or more 0.4 0.5 0.8 0.6
107/27/99 408
Table 3. Percent of Families in Poverty, by Definition of Income and Selected Characteristics: 1998 (White)
After taxes
Definition 14
plus
net Money
imputed Definition 14 Income Money
return less after Taxes Income
on equity medical not including after
in own home programs EITC Taxes
Def 15 Def 16 Def 17 Def 18
Program Participation Status of
Family Members
One or more members received:
Cash assistance 29.7 33.3 46.9 42.6
AFDC or other non-SSI 44.3 48.6 68.7 62.3
SSI 18.1 21.4 30.2 28.2
Food stamps 38.1 42.1 66.0 57.9
Housing assistance 28.1 29.9 55.7 49.0
Energy assistance 31.6 37.5 58.1 51.8
Free or reduced-price school lunches 23.3 25.6 41.3 33.8
Family received both food stamps and
cash assistance 43.2 47.9 70.2 63.7
Health Insurance Coverage
One or more members covered by:
Employer-provided plan 1.7 1.9 3.4 2.6
Medicare 3.6 5.0 5.8 5.6
Medicaid 21.6 24.5 36.3 31.1
No members covered by:
Employer-provided plan or Medicare or
Medicaid 15.1 16.5 20.9 17.5
Health insurance 20.0 21.6 27.5 23.0
Family received:
Medicare and Medicaid 9.4 12.9 16.7 16.2
107/27/99 409
Table 3. Percent of Families in Poverty, by Definition of Income and Selected Characteristics: 1998 (White)
Defin 1 Defin 2 Defin 3 Defin 4 Defin 5 Defin 6 Defin 7 Defin 8 Defin 9
BELOW POVERTY LEVEL
White
All families 4829 9487 9388 9080 9515 9565 8764 8809 4536
Age of Householder
15 to 24 years 650 703 695 659 699 700 592 592 565
25 to 44 years 2639 3038 3020 2847 3090 3101 2537 2559 2289
45 to 54 years 573 873 852 801 871 875 784 789 582
55 to 64 years 453 1009 999 979 1005 1015 991 1002 514
65 years and over 513 3864 3822 3793 3850 3874 3859 3868 586
Type of Family
Married-couple families 2400 6145 6069 5873 6142 6167 5774 5809 2240
With related children under 18 1503 1799 1770 1632 1834 1839 1465 1481 1252
With related children under 6 930 1042 1025 936 1055 1056 815 825 743
Male householder, no wife present 306 484 483 462 491 495 430 430 278
Female householder, no husband present 2123 2858 2837 2745 2882 2903 2560 2570 2019
With related children under 18 1926 2208 2197 2119 2225 2230 1900 1909 1762
With related children under 6 1036 1116 1110 1085 1137 1138 969 971 941
Type of Residence
Inside metropolitan areas 3565 6888 6797 6561 6875 6914 6316 6346 3330
Inside central cities 1609 2608 2584 2486 2606 2613 2355 2363 1503
Outside central cities 1956 4280 4213 4076 4270 4301 3961 3983 1827
Outside metropolitan areas 1263 2598 2591 2518 2639 2651 2447 2463 1207
Region
Northeast 784 1627 1601 1537 1621 1640 1530 1543 779
Midwest 948 2113 2091 2027 2091 2101 1953 1962 888
South 1667 3451 3419 3339 3503 3520 3217 3235 1573
West 1429 2297 2277 2177 2300 2305 2064 2068 1297
Educational Attainment
Less than 12th grade, no diploma 2006 3734 3695 3592 3752 3775 3519 3534 1969
107/27/99 410
Table 3. Percent of Families in Poverty, by Definition of Income and Selected Characteristics: 1998 (White)
Defin 1 Defin 2 Defin 3 Defin 4 Defin 5 Defin 6 Defin 7 Defin 8 Defin 9
High school graduate, no college 1670 3308 3276 3154 3314 3332 3021 3046 1510
College: Less than bachelor's degree 892 1755 1733 1672 1760 1766 1576 1582 807
Bachelor's degree or more 261 690 684 661 689 693 647 647 251
Work Experience in 1998
Total, 15 to 64 years 4315 5623 5566 5287 5665 5692 4904 4941 3950
Worked at full-time jobs 1883 2167 2125 1904 2192 2200 1618 1643 1466
50 to 52 weeks 1016 1147 1125 979 1177 1181 779 793 726
Worked at part-time jobs 759 894 889 870 908 908 789 793 701
Did not work 1673 2562 2552 2513 2565 2583 2497 2505 1782
Year-Round Full-Time Workers
No workers 3395 7767 7698 7587 7725 7750 7472 7500 3445
Householder 15 to 64 years 2918 4027 3997 3908 4013 4028 3758 3779 2900
Householder 65 years and over 476 3740 3701 3679 3712 3722 3714 3721 545
One worker 1319 1584 1557 1381 1642 1663 1171 1186 995
Two workers or more 115 136 133 112 148 152 121 122 96
Program Participation Status of
Family Members
One or more members received:
Cash assistance 1284 1853 1833 1817 1864 1870 1757 1767 1545
AFDC or other non-SSI 926 1114 1102 1090 1120 1123 1034 1038 981
SSI 495 935 927 923 942 946 919 926 741
Food stamps 1784 2171 2150 2107 2189 2191 1966 1974 1769
Housing assistance 766 982 972 952 974 974 886 887 758
Energy assistance 504 695 689 674 694 695 646 648 532
Free or reduced-price school lunches 2039 2388 2366 2253 2413 2415 2023 2040 1825
Family received both food stamps and
cash assistance 1038 1313 1304 1292 1323 1324 1245 1246 1153
Health Insurance Coverage
One or more members covered by:
Employer-provided plan 1353 2737 2702 2394 2565 2590 2261 2272 1000
Medicare 760 4778 4730 4676 4759 4788 4743 4757 897
Medicaid 2357 3348 3313 3238 3396 3409 3043 3058 2408
107/27/99 411
Table 3. Percent of Families in Poverty, by Definition of Income and Selected Characteristics: 1998 (White)
Defin 1 Defin 2 Defin 3 Defin 4 Defin 5 Defin 6 Defin 7 Defin 8 Defin 9
No members covered by:
Employer-provided plan or Medicare or
Medicaid 1205 1341 1329 1329 1451 1456 1238 1248 1117
Health insurance 957 1038 1029 1029 1125 1128 958 967 884
Family received:
Medicare and Medicaid 304 956 948 931 957 969 945 946 446
107/27/99 412
Table 3. Percent of Families in Poverty, by Definition of Income and Selected Characteristics: 1998 (White)
Defin 10 Defin 11 Defin 12 Defin 13 Defin 14 Defin 15 Defin 16 Defin 17 Defin 18
BELOW POVERTY LEVEL
White
All families 4408 4403 4050 3868 3503 3184 3647 5179 4355
Age of Householder
15 to 24 years 564 564 540 511 464 453 488 689 572
25 to 44 years 2275 2270 2129 2017 1763 1715 1828 2875 2285
45 to 54 years 571 571 507 483 442 383 451 636 543
55 to 64 years 476 476 416 403 390 313 413 471 452
65 years and over 521 521 456 454 444 320 466 507 502
Type of Family
Married-couple families 2148 2145 1986 1902 1764 1534 1866 2601 2201
With related children under 18 1231 1227 1153 1086 962 901 1035 1693 1298
With related children under 6 735 733 692 638 552 519 609 1037 785
Male householder, no wife present 273 273 244 234 221 204 223 327 265
Female householder, no husband present 1987 1985 1820 1732 1518 1446 1558 2251 1888
With related children under 18 1755 1753 1637 1551 1346 1309 1384 2046 1697
With related children under 6 940 940 898 854 752 746 785 1085 924
Type of Residence
Inside metropolitan areas 3238 3235 2962 2836 2564 2365 2655 3816 3188
Inside central cities 1459 1459 1320 1244 1096 1051 1137 1686 1417
Outside central cities 1779 1775 1642 1591 1468 1314 1518 2130 1771
Outside metropolitan areas 1170 1168 1087 1032 940 820 992 1363 1167
Region
Northeast 748 747 655 620 547 511 573 852 709
Midwest 869 868 804 763 672 598 692 1016 860
South 1519 1518 1412 1366 1272 1139 1332 1798 1517
West 1272 1271 1178 1119 1012 936 1050 1514 1268
Educational Attainment
Less than 12th grade, no diploma 1891 1888 1720 1649 1476 1331 1548 2108 1846
107/27/99 413
Table 3. Percent of Families in Poverty, by Definition of Income and Selected Characteristics: 1998 (White)
Defin 10 Defin 11 Defin 12 Defin 13 Defin 14 Defin 15 Defin 16 Defin 17 Defin 18
High school graduate, no college 1492 1491 1398 1337 1207 1117 1260 1805 1479
College: Less than bachelor's degree 783 782 715 673 618 565 630 964 783
Bachelor's degree or more 241 241 217 209 203 172 209 301 246
Work Experience in 1998
Total, 15 to 64 years 3886 3881 3593 3414 3060 2864 3180 4671 3853
Worked at full-time jobs 1463 1459 1366 1292 1133 1088 1180 2159 1535
50 to 52 weeks 723 720 678 646 567 538 587 1219 785
Worked at part-time jobs 696 694 658 624 547 513 564 799 694
Did not work 1727 1727 1569 1497 1379 1263 1436 1714 1624
Year-Round Full-Time Workers
No workers 3340 3338 3058 2933 2671 2411 2775 3462 3207
Householder 15 to 64 years 2851 2849 2633 2511 2259 2115 2343 2997 2744
Householder 65 years and over 489 489 425 423 412 296 431 464 463
One worker 977 974 900 846 750 697 781 1575 1037
Two workers or more 91 91 91 89 82 76 91 142 110
Program Participation Status of
Family Members
One or more members received:
Cash assistance 1477 1477 1139 1032 867 827 926 1303 1186
AFDC or other non-SSI 968 968 829 756 624 609 668 945 857
SSI 678 678 436 372 324 295 348 492 459
Food stamps 1722 1722 1526 1386 1102 1060 1172 1838 1611
Housing assistance 741 741 655 578 399 399 424 790 695
Energy assistance 508 508 436 393 320 287 340 527 469
Free or reduced-price school lunches 1806 1805 1674 1549 1293 1228 1350 2175 1781
Family received both food stamps and
cash assistance 1122 1122 932 832 672 653 725 1061 963
Health Insurance Coverage
One or more members covered by:
Employer-provided plan 983 982 945 914 835 749 856 1525 1178
Medicare 768 768 657 647 614 478 664 762 740
Medicaid 2319 2317 1979 1797 1533 1459 1656 2455 2104
107/27/99 414
Table 3. Percent of Families in Poverty, by Definition of Income and Selected Characteristics: 1998 (White)
Defin 10 Defin 11 Defin 12 Defin 13 Defin 14 Defin 15 Defin 16 Defin 17 Defin 18
No members covered by:
Employer-provided plan or Medicare or
Medicaid 1117 1115 1103 1103 1044 951 1044 1318 1105
Health insurance 884 882 878 878 828 764 828 1053 880
Family received:
Medicare and Medicaid 357 357 248 238 206 173 236 306 298