07/27/99 379
Table 3. Percent of Families in Poverty, by Definition of Income and Selected Characteristics: 1998 (All Races)
Before taxes
Definition 3
Money income-- plus
Excluding health
capital Definition 1 Definition 2 insurance
gains less plus supplements to
(current government capital wage or salary
Total measure) transfers gains income
(thous.) Def 1 Def 2 Def 3 Def 4
BELOW POVERTY LEVEL
All Races
All families 71551 10.0 17.8 17.6 17.0
Age of Householder
15 to 24 years 3242 31.5 34.0 33.7 32.3
25 to 44 years 32049 12.4 14.3 14.2 13.4
45 to 54 years 15127 5.5 8.1 7.9 7.5
55 to 64 years 9635 6.4 13.4 13.3 13.0
65 years and over 11498 6.4 39.3 38.9 38.6
Type of Family
Married-couple families 54778 5.3 12.9 12.7 12.3
With related children under 18 26226 6.9 8.5 8.3 7.6
With related children under 6 12223 9.0 10.1 10.0 9.1
Male householder, no wife present 3977 12.0 17.8 17.7 17.1
Female householder, no husband present 12796 29.9 38.7 38.5 37.4
With related children under 18 8934 38.7 44.5 44.3 42.8
With related children under 6 3789 49.7 54.7 54.6 53.1
Type of Residence
Inside metropolitan areas 56993 9.7 16.9 16.7 16.1
Inside central cities 19613 15.5 23.2 23.0 22.3
Outside central cities 37380 6.7 13.6 13.3 12.9
Outside metropolitan areas 14558 11.2 21.3 21.3 20.6
107/27/99 380
Table 3. Percent of Families in Poverty, by Definition of Income and Selected Characteristics: 1998 (All Races)
Before taxes
Definition 3
Money income-- plus
Excluding health
capital Definition 1 Definition 2 insurance
gains less plus supplements to
(current government capital wage or salary
Total measure) transfers gains income
(thous.) Def 1 Def 2 Def 3 Def 4
Region
Northeast 13384 9.7 17.2 17.0 16.4
Midwest 16875 8.1 15.9 15.7 15.1
South 25894 10.8 19.2 19.1 18.6
West 15398 11.2 17.9 17.8 17.0
Educational Attainment
Less than 12th grade, no diploma 11593 25.1 43.5 43.2 42.0
High school graduate, no college 22967 11.1 19.3 19.1 18.4
College: Less than bachelor's degree 18888 7.2 12.6 12.5 12.0
Bachelor's degree or more 18103 2.1 4.8 4.7 4.5
Work Experience in 1998
Total, 15 to 64 years 60053 10.7 13.7 13.5 12.9
Worked at full-time jobs 46201 5.9 6.8 6.7 6.0
50 to 52 weeks 39689 3.6 4.1 4.0 3.5
Worked at part-time jobs 5577 20.2 24.2 24.1 23.6
Did not work 8276 31.4 45.0 44.8 44.1
Year-Round Full-Time Workers
No workers 20084 26.0 51.6 51.1 50.5
Householder 15 to 64 years 11329 40.1 52.9 52.6 51.6
Householder 65 years and over 8754 7.8 49.8 49.3 49.0
One worker 30975 5.9 7.1 7.0 6.2
Two workers or more 20493 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.6
107/27/99 381
Table 3. Percent of Families in Poverty, by Definition of Income and Selected Characteristics: 1998 (All Races)
Before taxes
Definition 3
Money income-- plus
Excluding health
capital Definition 1 Definition 2 insurance
gains less plus supplements to
(current government capital wage or salary
Total measure) transfers gains income
(thous.) Def 1 Def 2 Def 3 Def 4
Program Participation Status of
Family Members
One or more members received:
Cash assistance 4478 49.4 69.8 69.3 68.6
AFDC or other non-SSI 2410 68.9 82.8 82.2 81.2
SSI 2464 32.5 59.9 59.6 59.3
Food stamps 4625 65.6 78.9 78.3 76.8
Housing assistance 2693 59.5 72.8 72.2 71.1
Energy assistance 1362 58.3 78.2 77.7 75.9
Free or reduced-price school lunches 8016 42.0 49.4 49.1 46.8
Family received both food stamps and
cash assistance 2614 70.4 87.6 87.2 86.3
Health Insurance Coverage
One or more members covered by:
Employer-provided plan 52122 3.5 6.5 6.5 5.7
Medicare 15307 7.7 37.9 37.6 37.1
Medicaid 9889 38.5 52.9 52.5 51.5
No members covered by:
Employer-provided plan or Medicare or
Medicaid 7694 21.4 23.8 23.6 23.6
Health insurance 4929 27.4 29.7 29.4 29.4
Family received:
Medicare and Medicaid 2637 21.0 54.8 54.4 53.5
107/27/99 382
Table 3. Percent of Families in Poverty, by Definition of Income and Selected Characteristics: 1998 (All Races)
After taxes
Definition 8
Definition 4 Definition 6 plus
less Definition 5 plus Definition 7 nonmeans-
Social less Earned less tested
Security Federal Income state government
payroll income Tax income cash
taxes taxes Credit taxes transfers
Def 5 Def 6 Def 7 Def 8 Def 9
BELOW POVERTY LEVEL
All Races
All families 17.8 17.9 16.4 16.5 9.6
Age of Householder
15 to 24 years 34.1 34.2 29.7 29.8 28.3
25 to 44 years 14.5 14.5 12.1 12.1 11.0
45 to 54 years 8.1 8.2 7.4 7.4 5.7
55 to 64 years 13.4 13.6 13.2 13.3 7.2
65 years and over 39.2 39.4 39.2 39.3 7.4
Type of Family
Married-couple families 12.9 12.9 12.1 12.1 4.9
With related children under 18 8.6 8.6 6.9 7.0 5.9
With related children under 6 10.3 10.3 8.0 8.1 7.3
Male householder, no wife present 18.3 18.4 16.2 16.3 11.3
Female householder, no husband present 39.0 39.3 35.0 35.1 28.9
With related children under 18 44.7 44.8 38.9 39.1 35.9
With related children under 6 55.4 55.4 48.4 48.5 46.0
Type of Residence
Inside metropolitan areas 16.9 17.0 15.5 15.5 9.3
Inside central cities 23.2 23.3 21.2 21.3 15.1
Outside central cities 13.5 13.6 12.4 12.5 6.3
Outside metropolitan areas 21.7 21.7 20.0 20.1 10.7
107/27/99 383
Table 3. Percent of Families in Poverty, by Definition of Income and Selected Characteristics: 1998 (All Races)
After taxes
Definition 8
Definition 4 Definition 6 plus
less Definition 5 plus Definition 7 nonmeans-
Social less Earned less tested
Security Federal Income state government
payroll income Tax income cash
taxes taxes Credit taxes transfers
Def 5 Def 6 Def 7 Def 8 Def 9
Region
Northeast 17.2 17.4 16.1 16.2 9.7
Midwest 15.7 15.8 14.6 14.6 7.6
South 19.5 19.6 17.8 17.9 10.2
West 17.9 18.0 16.3 16.3 10.6
Educational Attainment
Less than 12th grade, no diploma 43.8 44.0 41.3 41.5 25.3
High school graduate, no college 19.4 19.5 17.5 17.6 10.1
College: Less than bachelor's degree 12.7 12.7 11.2 11.3 6.6
Bachelor's degree or more 4.7 4.7 4.4 4.4 2.0
Work Experience in 1998
Total, 15 to 64 years 13.8 13.8 12.0 12.1 10.0
Worked at full-time jobs 6.9 6.9 5.1 5.2 4.6
50 to 52 weeks 4.1 4.2 2.7 2.7 2.5
Worked at part-time jobs 24.7 24.8 21.8 21.9 19.4
Did not work 44.9 45.2 44.1 44.2 33.8
Year-Round Full-Time Workers
No workers 51.4 51.5 49.7 49.8 26.9
Householder 15 to 64 years 52.9 53.0 49.9 50.1 40.6
Householder 65 years and over 49.4 49.6 49.5 49.5 9.0
One worker 7.3 7.4 5.2 5.3 4.4
Two workers or more 0.9 0.9 0.7 0.7 0.6
107/27/99 384
Table 3. Percent of Families in Poverty, by Definition of Income and Selected Characteristics: 1998 (All Races)
After taxes
Definition 8
Definition 4 Definition 6 plus
less Definition 5 plus Definition 7 nonmeans-
Social less Earned less tested
Security Federal Income state government
payroll income Tax income cash
taxes taxes Credit taxes transfers
Def 5 Def 6 Def 7 Def 8 Def 9
Program Participation Status of
Family Members
One or more members received:
Cash assistance 70.1 70.3 67.0 67.2 59.7
AFDC or other non-SSI 83.1 83.4 78.4 78.5 74.1
SSI 60.2 60.5 59.3 59.6 48.9
Food stamps 79.3 79.4 72.6 72.9 66.2
Housing assistance 72.8 72.8 66.4 66.5 59.3
Energy assistance 78.2 78.5 72.7 72.9 61.3
Free or reduced-price school lunches 49.6 49.6 42.5 42.8 38.3
Family received both food stamps and
cash assistance 87.9 88.1 84.1 84.2 78.4
Health Insurance Coverage
One or more members covered by:
Employer-provided plan 6.1 6.2 5.3 5.3 2.6
Medicare 37.9 38.1 37.6 37.7 9.1
Medicaid 53.6 53.8 48.6 48.9 40.1
No members covered by:
Employer-provided plan or Medicare or
Medicaid 25.7 25.8 22.2 22.4 20.0
Health insurance 32.1 32.2 27.7 28.0 25.5
Family received:
Medicare and Medicaid 55.1 55.6 54.2 54.3 29.0
107/27/99 385
Table 3. Percent of Families in Poverty, by Definition of Income and Selected Characteristics: 1998 (All Races)
After taxes
Definition 13
Definition 11 plus
Definition 10 plus other
plus means-tested means-tested
Definition 9 regular-price government Definition 12 government
plus school cash plus noncash
Medicare lunches transfers Medicaid transfers
Def 10 Def 11 Def 12 Def 13 Def 14
BELOW POVERTY LEVEL
All Races
All families 9.3 9.3 8.5 8.1 7.2
Age of Householder
15 to 24 years 28.2 28.2 27.0 25.2 22.5
25 to 44 years 10.9 10.9 10.2 9.6 8.3
45 to 54 years 5.6 5.6 4.9 4.7 4.2
55 to 64 years 6.6 6.6 5.8 5.6 5.3
65 years and over 6.5 6.5 5.7 5.6 5.3
Type of Family
Married-couple families 4.7 4.7 4.3 4.1 3.8
With related children under 18 5.7 5.7 5.3 5.0 4.4
With related children under 6 7.2 7.2 6.8 6.3 5.4
Male householder, no wife present 10.9 10.9 10.1 9.7 9.0
Female householder, no husband present 28.5 28.5 26.0 24.6 21.2
With related children under 18 35.7 35.7 33.2 31.2 26.6
With related children under 6 45.9 45.9 43.5 41.0 35.9
Type of Residence
Inside metropolitan areas 9.0 9.0 8.2 7.8 6.9
Inside central cities 14.6 14.6 13.2 12.3 10.5
Outside central cities 6.1 6.1 5.6 5.5 5.0
Outside metropolitan areas 10.4 10.4 9.7 9.3 8.4
107/27/99 386
Table 3. Percent of Families in Poverty, by Definition of Income and Selected Characteristics: 1998 (All Races)
After taxes
Definition 13
Definition 11 plus
Definition 10 plus other
plus means-tested means-tested
Definition 9 regular-price government Definition 12 government
plus school cash plus noncash
Medicare lunches transfers Medicaid transfers
Def 10 Def 11 Def 12 Def 13 Def 14
Region
Northeast 9.4 9.4 8.3 7.8 6.7
Midwest 7.4 7.4 6.8 6.4 5.6
South 9.9 9.9 9.3 8.9 8.0
West 10.3 10.3 9.3 8.9 7.9
Educational Attainment
Less than 12th grade, no diploma 24.2 24.2 22.0 21.1 18.7
High school graduate, no college 10.0 10.0 9.3 8.8 7.7
College: Less than bachelor's degree 6.4 6.4 5.9 5.5 4.9
Bachelor's degree or more 1.9 1.9 1.7 1.6 1.6
Work Experience in 1998
Total, 15 to 64 years 9.8 9.8 9.1 8.6 7.5
Worked at full-time jobs 4.6 4.6 4.3 4.0 3.4
50 to 52 weeks 2.5 2.4 2.3 2.2 1.8
Worked at part-time jobs 19.2 19.2 17.8 16.9 14.4
Did not work 32.8 32.8 29.9 28.5 26.0
Year-Round Full-Time Workers
No workers 26.0 26.0 23.8 22.7 20.3
Householder 15 to 64 years 39.9 39.9 36.9 35.0 31.0
Householder 65 years and over 8.0 8.0 6.9 6.9 6.6
One worker 4.3 4.3 3.9 3.6 3.1
Two workers or more 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5
107/27/99 387
Table 3. Percent of Families in Poverty, by Definition of Income and Selected Characteristics: 1998 (All Races)
After taxes
Definition 13
Definition 11 plus
Definition 10 plus other
plus means-tested means-tested
Definition 9 regular-price government Definition 12 government
plus school cash plus noncash
Medicare lunches transfers Medicaid transfers
Def 10 Def 11 Def 12 Def 13 Def 14
Program Participation Status of
Family Members
One or more members received:
Cash assistance 57.2 57.2 45.2 40.9 34.3
AFDC or other non-SSI 73.1 73.1 63.7 57.8 47.7
SSI 45.0 45.0 29.6 25.1 21.2
Food stamps 64.7 64.7 58.0 52.6 41.4
Housing assistance 57.9 57.9 52.5 46.7 33.5
Energy assistance 59.4 59.3 52.3 45.9 37.7
Free or reduced-price school lunches 37.8 37.7 34.9 32.3 26.7
Family received both food stamps and
cash assistance 76.5 76.5 64.9 57.8 46.8
Health Insurance Coverage
One or more members covered by:
Employer-provided plan 2.5 2.5 2.4 2.3 2.0
Medicare 7.8 7.8 6.6 6.5 6.0
Medicaid 38.7 38.6 33.3 30.2 25.3
No members covered by:
Employer-provided plan or Medicare or
Medicaid 20.0 20.0 19.7 19.7 18.6
Health insurance 25.5 25.5 25.3 25.3 23.7
Family received:
Medicare and Medicaid 23.5 23.5 17.2 16.6 14.1
107/27/99 388
Table 3. Percent of Families in Poverty, by Definition of Income and Selected Characteristics: 1998 (All Races)
After taxes
Definition 14
plus
net Money
imputed Definition 14 Income Money
return less after Taxes Income
on equity medical not including after
in own home programs EITC Taxes
Def 15 Def 16 Def 17 Def 18
BELOW POVERTY LEVEL
All Races
All families 6.6 7.5 10.8 9.1
Age of Householder
15 to 24 years 22.1 23.7 33.5 28.1
25 to 44 years 8.1 8.6 13.5 10.9
45 to 54 years 3.7 4.4 6.1 5.3
55 to 64 years 4.4 5.7 6.6 6.4
65 years and over 4.0 5.6 6.4 6.3
Type of Family
Married-couple families 3.3 4.0 5.7 4.9
With related children under 18 4.1 4.7 7.8 6.1
With related children under 6 5.1 5.9 10.1 7.8
Male householder, no wife present 8.3 9.1 12.9 10.7
Female householder, no husband present 20.3 21.8 31.7 26.9
With related children under 18 25.9 27.5 41.0 34.3
With related children under 6 35.6 37.5 52.4 44.6
Type of Residence
Inside metropolitan areas 6.5 7.2 10.4 8.8
Inside central cities 10.2 11.0 16.4 14.1
Outside central cities 4.5 5.2 7.3 6.1
Outside metropolitan areas 7.4 8.8 12.1 10.4
107/27/99 389
Table 3. Percent of Families in Poverty, by Definition of Income and Selected Characteristics: 1998 (All Races)
After taxes
Definition 14
plus
net Money
imputed Definition 14 Income Money
return less after Taxes Income
on equity medical not including after
in own home programs EITC Taxes
Def 15 Def 16 Def 17 Def 18
Region
Northeast 6.4 7.1 10.6 8.9
Midwest 5.1 5.9 8.6 7.4
South 7.3 8.4 11.6 9.9
West 7.3 8.2 11.9 10.1
Educational Attainment
Less than 12th grade, no diploma 17.2 19.6 26.4 23.5
High school graduate, no college 7.2 8.1 11.9 9.8
College: Less than bachelor's degree 4.5 5.0 7.8 6.3
Bachelor's degree or more 1.4 1.6 2.4 2.0
Work Experience in 1998
Total, 15 to 64 years 7.1 7.9 11.6 9.7
Worked at full-time jobs 3.3 3.5 6.7 4.8
50 to 52 weeks 1.7 1.9 4.3 2.7
Worked at part-time jobs 13.6 14.8 21.6 18.5
Did not work 24.4 27.3 32.3 30.9
Year-Round Full-Time Workers
No workers 18.7 21.1 26.7 24.7
Householder 15 to 64 years 29.4 32.2 41.4 38.0
Householder 65 years and over 4.9 6.9 7.6 7.6
One worker 2.9 3.3 7.0 4.6
Two workers or more 0.5 0.5 0.9 0.7
107/27/99 390
Table 3. Percent of Families in Poverty, by Definition of Income and Selected Characteristics: 1998 (All Races)
After taxes
Definition 14
plus
net Money
imputed Definition 14 Income Money
return less after Taxes Income
on equity medical not including after
in own home programs EITC Taxes
Def 15 Def 16 Def 17 Def 18
Program Participation Status of
Family Members
One or more members received:
Cash assistance 33.1 36.6 50.6 46.7
AFDC or other non-SSI 46.9 50.8 70.7 65.2
SSI 19.7 23.3 32.8 31.0
Food stamps 40.2 44.1 67.9 60.4
Housing assistance 33.5 35.6 61.5 54.8
Energy assistance 34.5 39.5 61.8 55.5
Free or reduced-price school lunches 25.5 28.0 44.7 36.9
Family received both food stamps and
cash assistance 45.8 50.5 72.4 66.7
Health Insurance Coverage
One or more members covered by:
Employer-provided plan 1.8 2.1 4.0 3.0
Medicare 4.9 6.6 7.8 7.5
Medicaid 24.3 27.2 40.2 35.0
No members covered by:
Employer-provided plan or Medicare or
Medicaid 17.3 18.6 23.4 19.8
Health insurance 22.3 23.7 30.1 25.4
Family received:
Medicare and Medicaid 12.5 16.0 21.4 20.3
107/27/99 391
Table 3. Percent of Families in Poverty, by Definition of Income and Selected Characteristics: 1998 (All Races)
Defin 1 Defin 2 Defin 3 Defin 4 Defin 5 Defin 6 Defin 7 Defin 8 Defin 9
BELOW POVERTY LEVEL
All Races
All families 7186 12713 12600 12179 12764 12828 11728 11785 6860
Age of Householder
15 to 24 years 1022 1103 1093 1047 1107 1110 964 968 916
25 to 44 years 3982 4578 4558 4308 4636 4647 3866 3893 3531
45 to 54 years 833 1223 1202 1138 1227 1233 1112 1119 866
55 to 64 years 615 1293 1279 1251 1288 1306 1275 1285 698
65 years and over 734 4515 4468 4435 4507 4531 4511 4519 849
Type of Family
Married-couple families 2879 7048 6963 6718 7047 7072 6605 6648 2706
With related children under 18 1822 2218 2187 2002 2256 2261 1815 1833 1535
With related children under 6 1100 1239 1220 1106 1256 1257 980 992 892
Male householder, no wife present 476 709 706 680 727 733 646 648 451
Female householder, no husband present 3831 4956 4931 4781 4991 5023 4477 4489 3703
With related children under 18 3456 3977 3962 3827 3989 4002 3479 3491 3209
With related children under 6 1884 2074 2069 2014 2097 2099 1833 1838 1744
Type of Residence
Inside metropolitan areas 5552 9610 9503 9174 9611 9662 8817 8853 5297
Inside central cities 3035 4545 4516 4366 4559 4577 4168 4181 2956
Outside central cities 2518 5066 4986 4808 5052 5085 4649 4672 2341
Outside metropolitan areas 1634 3103 3097 3005 3154 3165 2911 2931 1563
Region
Northeast 1297 2309 2279 2198 2308 2327 2149 2166 1296
Midwest 1360 2676 2649 2556 2654 2668 2457 2469 1280
South 2802 4967 4939 4807 5045 5069 4620 4642 2652
West 1727 2762 2733 2619 2757 2764 2502 2508 1633
Educational Attainment
Less than 12th grade, no diploma 2915 5046 5002 4871 5074 5103 4790 4808 2938
107/27/99 392
Table 3. Percent of Families in Poverty, by Definition of Income and Selected Characteristics: 1998 (All Races)
Defin 1 Defin 2 Defin 3 Defin 4 Defin 5 Defin 6 Defin 7 Defin 8 Defin 9
High school graduate, no college 2542 4430 4392 4221 4448 4470 4019 4050 2313
College: Less than bachelor's degree 1356 2377 2358 2273 2393 2401 2117 2126 1248
Bachelor's degree or more 373 860 848 813 849 853 801 801 361
Work Experience in 1998
Total, 15 to 64 years 6452 8198 8132 7744 8258 8296 7217 7266 6012
Worked at full-time jobs 2726 3125 3079 2779 3166 3174 2357 2388 2133
50 to 52 weeks 1426 1608 1586 1373 1647 1651 1065 1086 982
Worked at part-time jobs 1127 1350 1343 1315 1378 1381 1214 1219 1080
Did not work 2599 3723 3710 3650 3714 3741 3645 3659 2798
Year-Round Full-Time Workers
No workers 5225 10354 10269 10137 10319 10349 9981 10012 5394
Householder 15 to 64 years 4544 5998 5957 5847 5990 6010 5652 5676 4605
Householder 65 years and over 681 4356 4312 4290 4329 4339 4329 4336 789
One worker 1821 2195 2170 1910 2265 2293 1605 1630 1349
Two workers or more 140 164 161 132 180 185 142 143 117
Program Participation Status of
Family Members
One or more members received:
Cash assistance 2211 3126 3101 3073 3139 3147 3000 3009 2674
AFDC or other non-SSI 1661 1996 1980 1957 2003 2009 1888 1892 1785
SSI 802 1477 1468 1462 1484 1491 1461 1468 1206
Food stamps 3036 3647 3623 3552 3667 3674 3359 3370 3062
Housing assistance 1603 1961 1945 1914 1960 1960 1788 1791 1597
Energy assistance 794 1065 1057 1033 1065 1070 990 992 835
Free or reduced-price school lunches 3365 3963 3938 3749 3972 3979 3406 3427 3070
Family received both food stamps and
cash assistance 1839 2290 2279 2256 2298 2302 2199 2200 2048
Health Insurance Coverage
One or more members covered by:
Employer-provided plan 1828 3410 3376 2956 3183 3211 2765 2780 1337
Medicare 1179 5806 5755 5683 5800 5834 5762 5776 1388
Medicaid 3811 5233 5194 5090 5302 5318 4811 4832 3968
107/27/99 393
Table 3. Percent of Families in Poverty, by Definition of Income and Selected Characteristics: 1998 (All Races)
Defin 1 Defin 2 Defin 3 Defin 4 Defin 5 Defin 6 Defin 7 Defin 8 Defin 9
No members covered by:
Employer-provided plan or Medicare or
Medicaid 1646 1834 1815 1815 1980 1987 1709 1723 1539
Health insurance 1348 1463 1450 1450 1583 1588 1366 1379 1259
Family received:
Medicare and Medicaid 554 1444 1435 1411 1454 1466 1429 1431 766
107/27/99 394
Table 3. Percent of Families in Poverty, by Definition of Income and Selected Characteristics: 1998 (All Races)
Defin 10 Defin 11 Defin 12 Defin 13 Defin 14 Defin 15 Defin 16 Defin 17 Defin 18
BELOW POVERTY LEVEL
All Races
All families 6660 6654 6103 5794 5147 4755 5367 7698 6540
Age of Householder
15 to 24 years 915 915 875 817 729 718 769 1087 912
25 to 44 years 3507 3501 3271 3087 2650 2586 2741 4315 3495
45 to 54 years 848 848 742 706 642 566 661 926 797
55 to 64 years 638 638 561 539 513 424 549 639 615
65 years and over 751 751 653 645 615 462 647 731 722
Type of Family
Married-couple families 2579 2576 2369 2263 2081 1821 2211 3127 2672
With related children under 18 1494 1491 1394 1307 1152 1083 1241 2053 1602
With related children under 6 879 877 830 765 658 626 727 1240 957
Male householder, no wife present 435 435 401 384 358 330 361 512 427
Female householder, no husband present 3646 3643 3332 3148 2708 2604 2795 4060 3441
With related children under 18 3193 3190 2967 2790 2375 2317 2453 3664 3064
With related children under 6 1741 1741 1648 1554 1361 1349 1423 1984 1691
Type of Residence
Inside metropolitan areas 5140 5137 4691 4445 3929 3684 4081 5944 5032
Inside central cities 2866 2865 2585 2407 2066 1992 2154 3216 2759
Outside central cities 2274 2271 2106 2038 1863 1692 1927 2728 2273
Outside metropolitan areas 1519 1517 1412 1349 1219 1071 1286 1754 1508
Region
Northeast 1253 1252 1110 1037 899 855 947 1412 1195
Midwest 1246 1245 1154 1084 947 868 990 1451 1241
South 2569 2568 2400 2308 2083 1902 2163 3010 2554
West 1591 1590 1438 1365 1219 1131 1267 1826 1550
Educational Attainment
Less than 12th grade, no diploma 2808 2805 2555 2441 2171 1995 2275 3063 2729
107/27/99 395
Table 3. Percent of Families in Poverty, by Definition of Income and Selected Characteristics: 1998 (All Races)
Defin 10 Defin 11 Defin 12 Defin 13 Defin 14 Defin 15 Defin 16 Defin 17 Defin 18
High school graduate, no college 2289 2288 2127 2019 1775 1664 1861 2727 2258
College: Less than bachelor's degree 1216 1214 1105 1037 917 847 937 1481 1196
Bachelor's degree or more 347 347 315 298 285 249 293 427 358
Work Experience in 1998
Total, 15 to 64 years 5908 5902 5449 5150 4533 4293 4719 6968 5819
Worked at full-time jobs 2124 2121 1984 1849 1580 1518 1634 3090 2227
50 to 52 weeks 973 969 906 860 732 693 759 1692 1082
Worked at part-time jobs 1073 1071 992 945 801 760 824 1206 1031
Did not work 2711 2710 2473 2356 2152 2016 2261 2671 2561
Year-Round Full-Time Workers
No workers 5228 5225 4782 4566 4083 3763 4246 5359 4970
Householder 15 to 64 years 4524 4522 4176 3964 3507 3333 3644 4690 4304
Householder 65 years and over 703 703 606 603 576 430 602 669 665
One worker 1324 1320 1214 1124 967 898 1012 2162 1434
Two workers or more 108 108 106 104 98 94 109 178 136
Program Participation Status of
Family Members
One or more members received:
Cash assistance 2561 2561 2026 1831 1534 1481 1639 2264 2091
AFDC or other non-SSI 1762 1761 1535 1392 1150 1130 1225 1704 1570
SSI 1109 1108 730 620 522 486 575 808 764
Food stamps 2993 2993 2683 2432 1916 1860 2040 3138 2796
Housing assistance 1560 1560 1413 1258 902 902 958 1656 1476
Energy assistance 809 808 712 625 513 470 538 842 756
Free or reduced-price school lunches 3026 3024 2797 2586 2141 2047 2241 3584 2961
Family received both food stamps and
cash assistance 1999 1999 1696 1511 1224 1196 1321 1893 1744
Health Insurance Coverage
One or more members covered by:
Employer-provided plan 1306 1305 1245 1195 1065 961 1090 2072 1577
Medicare 1188 1188 1017 1001 925 747 1003 1197 1149
Medicaid 3822 3820 3291 2983 2502 2406 2694 3976 3456
107/27/99 396
Table 3. Percent of Families in Poverty, by Definition of Income and Selected Characteristics: 1998 (All Races)
Defin 10 Defin 11 Defin 12 Defin 13 Defin 14 Defin 15 Defin 16 Defin 17 Defin 18
No members covered by:
Employer-provided plan or Medicare or
Medicaid 1539 1536 1519 1519 1429 1330 1429 1800 1521
Health insurance 1259 1256 1248 1248 1168 1100 1168 1482 1250
Family received:
Medicare and Medicaid 620 620 455 439 372 331 423 564 534