09/17/99 127
Table 3. Percent of Families in Poverty, by Definition of Income and Selected Characteristics: 1998-X1 (Black)
Before taxes
Definition 3
Money income-- plus
Excluding health
capital Definition 1 Definition 2 insurance
gains less plus supplements to
(current government capital wage or salary
Total measure) transfers gains income
(thous.) Def 1 Def 2 Def 3 Def 4
BELOW POVERTY LEVEL
Black
All families 8452 21.2 30.4 30.3 29.2
Age of Householder
15 to 24 years 587 51.0 54.8 54.4 54.4
25 to 44 years 4362 24.1 28.1 28.3 26.8
45 to 54 years 1642 10.3 15.2 15.1 14.2
55 to 64 years 898 12.4 24.9 24.4 24.1
65 years and over 962 16.5 56.6 56.4 55.6
Type of Family
Married-couple families 3979 6.1 14.4 14.4 13.5
With related children under 18 2198 7.3 10.6 10.9 9.2
With related children under 6 969 8.6 10.5 10.7 9.6
Male householder, no wife present 660 16.6 25.7 25.7 24.6
Female householder, no husband present 3813 37.7 47.8 47.6 46.5
With related children under 18 2940 43.8 52.0 51.8 50.4
With related children under 6 1413 51.9 59.3 59.3 57.9
Type of Residence
Inside metropolitan areas 7314 20.9 29.8 29.7 28.7
Inside central cities 4624 24.5 34.6 34.6 33.5
Outside central cities 2690 14.6 21.5 21.3 20.3
Outside metropolitan areas 1138 23.1 34.0 34.1 32.8
109/17/99 128
Table 3. Percent of Families in Poverty, by Definition of Income and Selected Characteristics: 1998-X1 (Black)
Before taxes
Definition 3
Money income-- plus
Excluding health
capital Definition 1 Definition 2 insurance
gains less plus supplements to
(current government capital wage or salary
Total measure) transfers gains income
(thous.) Def 1 Def 2 Def 3 Def 4
Region
Northeast 1553 25.1 35.1 35.2 34.0
Midwest 1494 21.9 31.8 31.8 29.6
South 4723 20.2 28.6 28.5 27.8
West 682 17.6 28.6 28.2 27.8
Educational Attainment
Less than 12th grade, no diploma 1952 35.6 55.8 55.7 54.6
High school graduate, no college 2938 23.7 31.0 30.7 29.2
College: Less than bachelor's degree 2423 13.9 19.3 19.5 18.7
Bachelor's degree or more 1138 5.5 8.7 8.5 8.2
Work Experience in 1998-X1
Total, 15 to 64 years 7489 21.8 27.0 26.9 25.8
Worked at full-time jobs 5335 11.4 13.3 13.3 12.1
50 to 52 weeks 4399 5.9 7.1 7.2 5.7
Worked at part-time jobs 754 41.1 49.0 48.7 47.7
Did not work 1401 51.1 67.3 67.0 66.5
Year-Round Full-Time Workers
No workers 2928 50.3 72.6 72.3 72.0
Householder 15 to 64 years 2234 59.1 72.0 71.7 71.4
Householder 65 years and over 694 21.6 74.4 74.1 74.1
One worker 3391 9.1 12.5 12.6 10.3
Two workers or more 2132 0.4 0.7 0.7 0.5
109/17/99 129
Table 3. Percent of Families in Poverty, by Definition of Income and Selected Characteristics: 1998-X1 (Black)
Before taxes
Definition 3
Money income-- plus
Excluding health
capital Definition 1 Definition 2 insurance
gains less plus supplements to
(current government capital wage or salary
Total measure) transfers gains income
(thous.) Def 1 Def 2 Def 3 Def 4
Program Participation Status of
Family Members
One or more members received:
Cash assistance 1411 54.5 76.0 75.9 75.9
AFDC or other non-SSI 904 69.3 83.4 83.3 83.3
SSI 657 35.6 68.6 68.3 68.3
Food stamps 1628 64.2 77.7 77.7 76.9
Housing assistance 1136 62.3 73.5 73.2 72.1
Energy assistance 400 62.1 76.2 76.2 74.7
Free or reduced-price school lunches 2349 44.1 54.0 53.9 51.6
Family received both food stamps and
cash assistance 968 69.1 86.7 86.6 86.6
Health Insurance Coverage
One or more members covered by:
Employer-provided plan 5264 5.8 8.9 8.9 7.2
Medicare 1653 18.3 51.4 51.4 50.3
Medicaid 2556 44.8 60.6 60.5 59.7
No members covered by:
Employer-provided plan or Medicare or
Medicaid 968 35.1 39.0 39.0 39.0
Health insurance 793 37.8 40.6 40.6 40.6
Family received:
Medicare and Medicaid 621 28.5 66.3 65.7 64.8
109/17/99 130
Table 3. Percent of Families in Poverty, by Definition of Income and Selected Characteristics: 1998-X1 (Black)
After taxes
Definition 8
Definition 4 Definition 6 plus
less Definition 5 plus Definition 7 nonmeans-
Social less Earned less tested
Security Federal Income state government
payroll income Tax income cash
taxes taxes Credit taxes transfers
Def 5 Def 6 Def 7 Def 8 Def 9
BELOW POVERTY LEVEL
Black
All families 30.4 30.5 27.4 27.7 21.1
Age of Householder
15 to 24 years 56.6 56.6 52.3 52.3 49.5
25 to 44 years 28.4 28.5 23.9 23.9 22.2
45 to 54 years 14.7 14.9 13.7 13.9 11.9
55 to 64 years 24.4 24.4 23.5 24.5 14.6
65 years and over 56.1 56.5 55.8 56.5 20.5
Type of Family
Married-couple families 14.0 14.1 12.8 13.0 5.7
With related children under 18 10.0 10.1 7.9 8.0 5.9
With related children under 6 10.5 10.7 8.2 8.4 7.1
Male householder, no wife present 26.3 26.3 24.2 24.2 17.8
Female householder, no husband present 48.3 48.4 43.3 43.6 37.7
With related children under 18 52.7 52.8 46.2 46.5 42.2
With related children under 6 60.8 60.8 53.5 53.5 49.4
Type of Residence
Inside metropolitan areas 29.8 29.9 26.9 27.2 20.9
Inside central cities 34.9 35.1 31.5 31.9 25.1
Outside central cities 21.1 21.1 19.0 19.2 13.8
Outside metropolitan areas 34.2 34.2 30.6 30.6 22.1
109/17/99 131
Table 3. Percent of Families in Poverty, by Definition of Income and Selected Characteristics: 1998-X1 (Black)
After taxes
Definition 8
Definition 4 Definition 6 plus
less Definition 5 plus Definition 7 nonmeans-
Social less Earned less tested
Security Federal Income state government
payroll income Tax income cash
taxes taxes Credit taxes transfers
Def 5 Def 6 Def 7 Def 8 Def 9
Region
Northeast 36.1 36.3 31.7 32.0 26.3
Midwest 30.6 30.9 28.0 28.5 21.2
South 28.8 28.8 26.1 26.2 19.3
West 28.2 28.2 26.0 26.0 21.1
Educational Attainment
Less than 12th grade, no diploma 55.4 55.5 53.0 53.6 38.5
High school graduate, no college 31.0 31.1 26.9 27.1 21.8
College: Less than bachelor's degree 19.9 20.1 16.8 16.9 13.6
Bachelor's degree or more 8.5 8.5 7.6 7.6 5.4
Work Experience in 1998-X1
Total, 15 to 64 years 27.1 27.2 23.8 24.0 21.1
Worked at full-time jobs 13.6 13.6 9.8 9.9 8.9
50 to 52 weeks 7.2 7.2 3.8 3.9 3.3
Worked at part-time jobs 48.9 49.2 44.5 44.8 40.2
Did not work 66.8 67.0 65.8 66.5 57.5
Year-Round Full-Time Workers
No workers 72.9 73.0 70.0 70.2 53.4
Householder 15 to 64 years 72.5 72.6 68.8 69.0 61.8
Householder 65 years and over 74.4 74.4 73.8 74.1 26.2
One worker 12.5 12.7 7.6 8.0 6.1
Two workers or more 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5
109/17/99 132
Table 3. Percent of Families in Poverty, by Definition of Income and Selected Characteristics: 1998-X1 (Black)
After taxes
Definition 8
Definition 4 Definition 6 plus
less Definition 5 plus Definition 7 nonmeans-
Social less Earned less tested
Security Federal Income state government
payroll income Tax income cash
taxes taxes Credit taxes transfers
Def 5 Def 6 Def 7 Def 8 Def 9
Program Participation Status of
Family Members
One or more members received:
Cash assistance 76.9 76.9 73.7 74.0 67.2
AFDC or other non-SSI 84.7 84.7 80.6 80.9 76.8
SSI 68.4 68.5 67.2 67.9 56.8
Food stamps 78.8 78.9 72.5 73.0 67.1
Housing assistance 74.8 74.8 67.6 67.6 61.8
Energy assistance 78.5 78.5 73.3 74.0 65.4
Free or reduced-price school lunches 54.1 54.3 46.6 47.2 42.3
Family received both food stamps and
cash assistance 88.0 88.0 84.1 84.6 79.9
Health Insurance Coverage
One or more members covered by:
Employer-provided plan 8.2 8.3 6.5 6.6 4.1
Medicare 50.8 51.2 49.6 50.5 22.7
Medicaid 61.5 61.6 55.9 56.1 48.8
No members covered by:
Employer-provided plan or Medicare or
Medicaid 40.0 40.0 35.6 35.6 31.5
Health insurance 41.9 41.9 36.9 36.9 33.9
Family received:
Medicare and Medicaid 65.0 65.5 62.8 63.5 39.0
109/17/99 133
Table 3. Percent of Families in Poverty, by Definition of Income and Selected Characteristics: 1998-X1 (Black)
After taxes
Definition 13
Definition 11 plus
Definition 10 plus other
plus means-tested means-tested
Definition 9 regular-price government Definition 12 government
plus school cash plus noncash
Medicare lunches transfers Medicaid transfers
Def 10 Def 11 Def 12 Def 13 Def 14
BELOW POVERTY LEVEL
Black
All families 20.5 20.5 18.2 17.4 13.8
Age of Householder
15 to 24 years 49.5 49.5 46.2 41.0 33.4
25 to 44 years 22.0 22.0 20.1 19.5 14.8
45 to 54 years 11.4 11.4 8.8 8.5 7.0
55 to 64 years 13.3 13.3 11.5 10.9 9.6
65 years and over 18.1 18.1 14.6 14.6 13.4
Type of Family
Married-couple families 5.2 5.2 4.5 4.3 3.7
With related children under 18 5.5 5.5 4.8 4.7 3.8
With related children under 6 7.0 7.0 6.3 6.3 4.3
Male householder, no wife present 16.1 16.1 14.4 14.4 10.9
Female householder, no husband present 37.1 37.1 33.1 31.5 25.0
With related children under 18 41.9 41.9 37.8 35.7 28.0
With related children under 6 49.4 49.4 45.7 43.1 35.9
Type of Residence
Inside metropolitan areas 20.4 20.4 18.0 17.1 13.5
Inside central cities 24.3 24.3 21.1 20.0 15.3
Outside central cities 13.6 13.6 12.5 12.1 10.3
Outside metropolitan areas 21.0 21.0 19.4 19.2 16.3
109/17/99 134
Table 3. Percent of Families in Poverty, by Definition of Income and Selected Characteristics: 1998-X1 (Black)
After taxes
Definition 13
Definition 11 plus
Definition 10 plus other
plus means-tested means-tested
Definition 9 regular-price government Definition 12 government
plus school cash plus noncash
Medicare lunches transfers Medicaid transfers
Def 10 Def 11 Def 12 Def 13 Def 14
Region
Northeast 25.9 25.9 22.1 20.8 14.8
Midwest 20.5 20.5 18.2 17.1 14.0
South 18.7 18.7 17.4 16.8 13.8
West 20.5 20.5 14.6 13.8 11.9
Educational Attainment
Less than 12th grade, no diploma 36.4 36.4 32.3 31.5 26.1
High school graduate, no college 21.7 21.7 19.7 18.6 14.2
College: Less than bachelor's degree 13.3 13.3 11.5 10.8 8.5
Bachelor's degree or more 5.4 5.4 4.1 3.9 3.4
Work Experience in 1998-X1
Total, 15 to 64 years 20.8 20.8 18.6 17.7 13.9
Worked at full-time jobs 8.9 8.9 8.0 7.4 5.3
50 to 52 weeks 3.3 3.3 3.0 3.0 1.8
Worked at part-time jobs 40.2 40.2 35.7 34.6 24.6
Did not work 55.7 55.7 49.8 47.7 40.8
Year-Round Full-Time Workers
No workers 51.9 51.9 46.2 44.1 36.0
Householder 15 to 64 years 60.9 60.9 54.6 51.9 41.7
Householder 65 years and over 23.1 23.1 19.0 19.0 17.7
One worker 6.0 6.0 5.2 5.0 3.4
Two workers or more 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.0
109/17/99 135
Table 3. Percent of Families in Poverty, by Definition of Income and Selected Characteristics: 1998-X1 (Black)
After taxes
Definition 13
Definition 11 plus
Definition 10 plus other
plus means-tested means-tested
Definition 9 regular-price government Definition 12 government
plus school cash plus noncash
Medicare lunches transfers Medicaid transfers
Def 10 Def 11 Def 12 Def 13 Def 14
Program Participation Status of
Family Members
One or more members received:
Cash assistance 65.3 65.3 51.4 47.6 37.0
AFDC or other non-SSI 76.4 76.4 64.5 59.2 45.9
SSI 53.2 53.2 34.2 29.8 22.1
Food stamps 66.1 66.1 57.6 53.6 38.5
Housing assistance 61.1 61.1 55.5 51.9 34.0
Energy assistance 64.9 64.9 55.2 50.3 34.8
Free or reduced-price school lunches 41.4 41.4 36.6 35.0 26.8
Family received both food stamps and
cash assistance 79.3 79.3 65.1 59.4 44.6
Health Insurance Coverage
One or more members covered by:
Employer-provided plan 4.0 4.0 3.4 3.2 2.3
Medicare 19.5 19.5 16.4 16.2 14.0
Medicaid 47.5 47.5 39.9 37.3 28.1
No members covered by:
Employer-provided plan or Medicare or
Medicaid 31.5 31.5 31.5 31.5 27.8
Health insurance 33.9 33.9 33.9 33.9 29.4
Family received:
Medicare and Medicaid 33.6 33.6 25.1 24.6 19.7
109/17/99 136
Table 3. Percent of Families in Poverty, by Definition of Income and Selected Characteristics: 1998-X1 (Black)
After taxes
Definition 14
plus
net Money
imputed Definition 14 Income Money
return less after Taxes Income
on equity medical not including after
in own home programs EITC Taxes
Def 15 Def 16 Def 17 Def 18
BELOW POVERTY LEVEL
Black
All families 13.2 14.3 22.8 19.1
Age of Householder
15 to 24 years 33.4 33.9 54.2 46.2
25 to 44 years 14.5 15.2 26.0 21.0
45 to 54 years 6.8 7.6 11.2 10.1
55 to 64 years 9.0 9.6 13.2 11.6
65 years and over 9.8 13.7 17.8 16.8
Type of Family
Married-couple families 3.1 3.7 6.9 5.6
With related children under 18 3.5 3.8 8.7 6.4
With related children under 6 4.3 4.4 10.4 7.6
Male householder, no wife present 10.5 12.1 18.5 15.0
Female householder, no husband present 24.2 25.6 40.0 34.0
With related children under 18 27.4 28.8 46.7 39.0
With related children under 6 35.2 37.4 55.1 46.0
Type of Residence
Inside metropolitan areas 12.9 13.8 22.3 18.9
Inside central cities 14.8 15.7 26.4 22.4
Outside central cities 9.7 10.4 15.4 12.8
Outside metropolitan areas 15.1 17.4 25.6 20.8
109/17/99 137
Table 3. Percent of Families in Poverty, by Definition of Income and Selected Characteristics: 1998-X1 (Black)
After taxes
Definition 14
plus
net Money
imputed Definition 14 Income Money
return less after Taxes Income
on equity medical not including after
in own home programs EITC Taxes
Def 15 Def 16 Def 17 Def 18
Region
Northeast 14.7 15.5 27.1 23.0
Midwest 13.8 14.6 23.4 19.8
South 12.8 14.1 21.8 18.1
West 11.6 11.9 18.3 15.5
Educational Attainment
Less than 12th grade, no diploma 24.8 27.1 37.3 33.9
High school graduate, no college 13.7 14.4 25.8 20.5
College: Less than bachelor's degree 7.9 8.6 15.3 12.4
Bachelor's degree or more 3.4 3.9 6.0 4.5
Work Experience in 1998-X1
Total, 15 to 64 years 13.6 14.3 23.4 19.4
Worked at full-time jobs 5.1 5.5 13.2 8.9
50 to 52 weeks 1.6 1.9 7.7 3.8
Worked at part-time jobs 24.6 24.6 41.5 36.0
Did not work 40.2 42.7 52.5 50.6
Year-Round Full-Time Workers
No workers 34.6 37.0 51.1 47.5
Householder 15 to 64 years 41.2 42.8 60.1 55.6
Householder 65 years and over 13.2 18.1 22.2 21.3
One worker 2.9 3.6 12.2 6.3
Two workers or more 0.2 0.0 0.8 0.5
109/17/99 138
Table 3. Percent of Families in Poverty, by Definition of Income and Selected Characteristics: 1998-X1 (Black)
After taxes
Definition 14
plus
net Money
imputed Definition 14 Income Money
return less after Taxes Income
on equity medical not including after
in own home programs EITC Taxes
Def 15 Def 16 Def 17 Def 18
Program Participation Status of
Family Members
One or more members received:
Cash assistance 36.6 38.2 56.2 52.6
AFDC or other non-SSI 45.5 47.5 70.8 65.8
SSI 21.6 22.4 37.2 35.3
Food stamps 38.0 40.0 66.4 59.2
Housing assistance 34.0 35.9 64.4 56.6
Energy assistance 32.5 36.2 63.8 55.2
Free or reduced-price school lunches 26.0 28.0 48.0 38.5
Family received both food stamps and
cash assistance 44.0 46.1 71.3 66.4
Health Insurance Coverage
One or more members covered by:
Employer-provided plan 2.2 2.3 7.3 4.4
Medicare 11.5 14.8 20.0 18.5
Medicaid 27.3 29.2 47.1 40.9
No members covered by:
Employer-provided plan or Medicare or
Medicaid 26.9 27.8 36.3 31.5
Health insurance 28.3 29.4 39.3 33.9
Family received:
Medicare and Medicaid 17.7 20.5 30.8 28.4
109/17/99 139
Table 3. Percent of Families in Poverty, by Definition of Income and Selected Characteristics: 1998-X1 (Black)
Defin 1 Defin 2 Defin 3 Defin 4 Defin 5 Defin 6 Defin 7 Defin 8 Defin 9
BELOW POVERTY LEVEL
Black
All families 1791 2566 2560 2470 2571 2579 2319 2339 1781
Age of Householder
15 to 24 years 299 322 319 319 332 332 307 307 290
25 to 44 years 1052 1227 1233 1168 1239 1241 1040 1040 967
45 to 54 years 170 250 247 233 242 244 225 229 195
55 to 64 years 112 223 219 216 219 219 211 220 131
65 years and over 158 544 542 535 540 544 537 544 198
Type of Family
Married-couple families 243 574 575 536 558 560 509 516 228
With related children under 18 161 233 238 201 221 223 174 176 131
With related children under 6 84 101 103 93 101 103 79 81 69
Male householder, no wife present 110 169 169 162 174 174 160 160 118
Female householder, no husband present 1438 1822 1816 1772 1840 1846 1650 1663 1436
With related children under 18 1288 1527 1523 1482 1548 1551 1358 1368 1240
With related children under 6 733 837 837 818 859 859 756 756 698
Type of Residence
Inside metropolitan areas 1528 2179 2172 2097 2182 2190 1971 1991 1530
Inside central cities 1135 1601 1599 1551 1614 1623 1458 1474 1160
Outside central cities 393 578 573 546 568 568 512 517 370
Outside metropolitan areas 263 387 388 373 389 389 348 348 252
Region
Northeast 390 546 547 527 561 563 493 497 409
Midwest 327 475 475 442 456 462 418 425 317
South 954 1350 1347 1311 1361 1362 1231 1240 911
West 120 195 192 190 192 192 177 177 144
Educational Attainment
Less than 12th grade, no diploma 695 1089 1088 1067 1083 1083 1036 1046 752
109/17/99 140
Table 3. Percent of Families in Poverty, by Definition of Income and Selected Characteristics: 1998-X1 (Black)
Defin 1 Defin 2 Defin 3 Defin 4 Defin 5 Defin 6 Defin 7 Defin 8 Defin 9
High school graduate, no college 695 909 902 857 911 915 790 797 640
College: Less than bachelor's degree 337 468 473 453 481 486 407 409 328
Bachelor's degree or more 63 99 97 93 96 96 87 87 61
Work Experience in 1998-X1
Total, 15 to 64 years 1633 2021 2018 1935 2031 2036 1783 1795 1584
Worked at full-time jobs 606 710 712 644 727 727 525 527 475
50 to 52 weeks 257 314 316 250 316 316 169 171 146
Worked at part-time jobs 310 369 367 360 369 371 336 338 303
Did not work 716 942 939 932 936 938 922 931 805
Year-Round Full-Time Workers
No workers 1472 2125 2116 2109 2136 2138 2050 2057 1564
Householder 15 to 64 years 1321 1609 1602 1595 1619 1622 1538 1542 1382
Householder 65 years and over 150 516 515 515 516 516 513 515 182
One worker 310 426 429 349 424 430 257 270 206
Two workers or more 9 15 15 11 11 11 11 11 11
Program Participation Status of
Family Members
One or more members received:
Cash assistance 769 1073 1072 1072 1086 1086 1039 1044 948
AFDC or other non-SSI 627 754 753 753 766 766 728 731 694
SSI 234 451 449 449 450 450 442 446 374
Food stamps 1045 1266 1266 1253 1282 1285 1181 1189 1092
Housing assistance 708 834 832 819 849 849 768 768 702
Energy assistance 248 305 305 299 314 314 293 296 262
Free or reduced-price school lunches 1037 1268 1265 1213 1272 1277 1096 1108 995
Family received both food stamps and
cash assistance 670 840 839 839 852 852 815 820 774
Health Insurance Coverage
One or more members covered by:
Employer-provided plan 308 469 469 378 434 439 343 348 215
Medicare 303 850 850 831 840 846 819 834 374
Medicaid 1144 1550 1547 1527 1572 1575 1428 1435 1248
109/17/99 141
Table 3. Percent of Families in Poverty, by Definition of Income and Selected Characteristics: 1998-X1 (Black)
Defin 1 Defin 2 Defin 3 Defin 4 Defin 5 Defin 6 Defin 7 Defin 8 Defin 9
No members covered by:
Employer-provided plan or Medicare or
Medicaid 340 377 377 377 388 388 344 344 305
Health insurance 300 322 322 322 332 332 293 293 269
Family received:
Medicare and Medicaid 177 412 408 402 404 407 390 394 242
109/17/99 142
Table 3. Percent of Families in Poverty, by Definition of Income and Selected Characteristics: 1998-X1 (Black)
Defin 10 Defin 11 Defin 12 Defin 13 Defin 14 Defin 15 Defin 16 Defin 17 Defin 18
BELOW POVERTY LEVEL
Black
All families 1730 1730 1535 1468 1170 1115 1206 1926 1617
Age of Householder
15 to 24 years 290 290 271 240 196 196 199 318 271
25 to 44 years 959 959 875 849 645 632 664 1134 915
45 to 54 years 187 187 145 140 114 112 125 184 165
55 to 64 years 120 120 103 98 87 81 87 119 104
65 years and over 174 174 141 141 129 95 132 171 162
Type of Family
Married-couple families 208 208 177 171 146 125 149 276 221
With related children under 18 122 122 105 102 83 77 85 191 140
With related children under 6 68 68 61 61 42 42 43 101 74
Male householder, no wife present 106 106 95 95 72 69 80 122 99
Female householder, no husband present 1416 1416 1263 1202 952 921 977 1527 1296
With related children under 18 1232 1232 1112 1051 822 806 847 1374 1145
With related children under 6 698 698 645 609 507 497 529 778 650
Type of Residence
Inside metropolitan areas 1491 1491 1314 1249 985 944 1008 1634 1381
Inside central cities 1125 1125 977 923 708 682 728 1220 1035
Outside central cities 365 365 337 326 277 262 280 414 345
Outside metropolitan areas 239 239 220 218 185 172 197 291 236
Region
Northeast 402 402 344 323 230 228 241 421 358
Midwest 307 307 272 256 209 206 218 349 296
South 881 881 820 794 650 603 666 1030 857
West 140 140 99 94 81 79 81 125 105
Educational Attainment
Less than 12th grade, no diploma 711 711 630 615 509 484 528 728 662
109/17/99 143
Table 3. Percent of Families in Poverty, by Definition of Income and Selected Characteristics: 1998-X1 (Black)
Defin 10 Defin 11 Defin 12 Defin 13 Defin 14 Defin 15 Defin 16 Defin 17 Defin 18
High school graduate, no college 636 636 579 545 417 402 424 758 602
College: Less than bachelor's degree 321 321 279 262 205 190 209 371 301
Bachelor's degree or more 61 61 47 45 38 39 44 68 51
Work Experience in 1998-X1
Total, 15 to 64 years 1556 1556 1394 1327 1041 1021 1074 1755 1455
Worked at full-time jobs 473 473 426 397 285 272 291 706 475
50 to 52 weeks 144 144 130 130 79 72 85 339 167
Worked at part-time jobs 303 303 269 261 185 185 185 313 271
Did not work 780 780 698 669 571 563 598 736 709
Year-Round Full-Time Workers
No workers 1520 1520 1353 1291 1055 1012 1083 1496 1391
Householder 15 to 64 years 1360 1360 1220 1159 932 921 957 1342 1243
Householder 65 years and over 160 160 132 132 123 91 126 154 148
One worker 202 202 176 171 115 99 123 413 214
Two workers or more 8 8 6 6 0 3 0 16 12
Program Participation Status of
Family Members
One or more members received:
Cash assistance 921 921 726 671 522 516 540 793 742
AFDC or other non-SSI 691 691 583 536 415 411 430 640 594
SSI 350 350 225 196 145 142 147 244 232
Food stamps 1076 1076 937 873 626 619 651 1081 964
Housing assistance 694 694 630 589 386 386 407 732 642
Energy assistance 260 260 221 201 139 130 145 255 221
Free or reduced-price school lunches 972 972 859 823 629 612 658 1127 905
Family received both food stamps and
cash assistance 768 768 630 576 432 426 447 691 643
Health Insurance Coverage
One or more members covered by:
Employer-provided plan 209 209 177 171 123 117 123 383 231
Medicare 323 323 270 267 231 190 244 331 306
Medicaid 1215 1215 1019 952 719 698 747 1205 1047
109/17/99 144
Table 3. Percent of Families in Poverty, by Definition of Income and Selected Characteristics: 1998-X1 (Black)
Defin 10 Defin 11 Defin 12 Defin 13 Defin 14 Defin 15 Defin 16 Defin 17 Defin 18
No members covered by:
Employer-provided plan or Medicare or
Medicaid 305 305 305 305 269 260 269 351 305
Health insurance 269 269 269 269 233 224 233 312 269
Family received:
Medicare and Medicaid 209 209 156 153 122 110 127 192 176