09/17/99 109
Table 3. Percent of Families in Poverty, by Definition of Income and Selected Characteristics: 1998-X1 (White)
Before taxes
Definition 3
Money income-- plus
Excluding health
capital Definition 1 Definition 2 insurance
gains less plus supplements to
(current government capital wage or salary
Total measure) transfers gains income
(thous.) Def 1 Def 2 Def 3 Def 4
BELOW POVERTY LEVEL
White
All families 60077 7.1 14.7 14.5 14.0
Age of Householder
15 to 24 years 2504 23.3 25.9 25.6 24.2
25 to 44 years 26141 9.0 10.6 10.5 9.8
45 to 54 years 12845 4.0 6.2 6.1 5.9
55 to 64 years 8356 4.8 11.3 11.2 11.0
65 years and over 10231 4.2 35.8 35.2 35.0
Type of Family
Married-couple families 48461 4.3 11.8 11.6 11.2
With related children under 18 22634 5.6 7.0 6.9 6.2
With related children under 6 10542 7.4 8.5 8.4 7.4
Male householder, no wife present 3087 8.8 14.5 14.5 14.1
Female householder, no husband present 8529 22.8 31.4 31.2 30.2
With related children under 18 5691 31.1 36.4 36.2 34.8
With related children under 6 2246 43.4 47.1 46.8 45.0
Type of Residence
Inside metropolitan areas 46962 6.8 13.6 13.4 12.9
Inside central cities 13803 10.4 17.6 17.4 16.6
Outside central cities 33159 5.3 12.0 11.7 11.4
Outside metropolitan areas 13115 8.5 18.5 18.5 18.0
109/17/99 110
Table 3. Percent of Families in Poverty, by Definition of Income and Selected Characteristics: 1998-X1 (White)
Before taxes
Definition 3
Money income-- plus
Excluding health
capital Definition 1 Definition 2 insurance
gains less plus supplements to
(current government capital wage or salary
Total measure) transfers gains income
(thous.) Def 1 Def 2 Def 3 Def 4
Region
Northeast 11374 6.2 13.3 13.2 12.8
Midwest 15022 5.5 13.0 12.9 12.5
South 20540 7.2 15.8 15.6 15.2
West 13140 9.7 16.0 15.9 15.1
Educational Attainment
Less than 12th grade, no diploma 9183 19.5 38.3 37.8 36.8
High school graduate, no college 19321 7.8 15.8 15.6 15.1
College: Less than bachelor's degree 15751 5.0 10.3 10.1 9.8
Bachelor's degree or more 15821 1.4 4.0 3.9 3.8
Work Experience in 1998-X1
Total, 15 to 64 years 49846 7.7 10.4 10.2 9.7
Worked at full-time jobs 38788 4.1 4.8 4.7 4.2
50 to 52 weeks 33536 2.4 2.8 2.8 2.4
Worked at part-time jobs 4560 15.5 18.2 18.1 17.5
Did not work 6497 24.2 38.0 37.9 37.3
Year-Round Full-Time Workers
No workers 16427 19.1 45.1 44.6 44.0
Householder 15 to 64 years 8544 32.0 45.0 44.7 43.7
Householder 65 years and over 7883 5.1 45.2 44.5 44.2
One worker 26371 4.0 5.0 4.9 4.3
Two workers or more 17278 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.5
109/17/99 111
Table 3. Percent of Families in Poverty, by Definition of Income and Selected Characteristics: 1998-X1 (White)
Before taxes
Definition 3
Money income-- plus
Excluding health
capital Definition 1 Definition 2 insurance
gains less plus supplements to
(current government capital wage or salary
Total measure) transfers gains income
(thous.) Def 1 Def 2 Def 3 Def 4
Program Participation Status of
Family Members
One or more members received:
Cash assistance 2781 42.6 64.8 64.0 63.1
AFDC or other non-SSI 1375 62.9 78.3 77.4 76.1
SSI 1629 27.0 56.5 55.8 55.5
Food stamps 2783 58.4 75.0 74.0 72.2
Housing assistance 1417 50.0 66.5 65.9 64.4
Energy assistance 907 50.8 75.0 74.5 72.6
Free or reduced-price school lunches 5266 34.3 41.6 41.2 39.1
Family received both food stamps and
cash assistance 1512 63.2 84.5 83.7 82.6
Health Insurance Coverage
One or more members covered by:
Employer-provided plan 44690 2.6 5.5 5.4 4.8
Medicare 13141 5.0 34.5 34.0 33.7
Medicaid 6768 31.6 46.9 46.3 45.2
No members covered by:
Employer-provided plan or Medicare or
Medicaid 6307 17.0 19.1 18.9 18.9
Health insurance 3825 22.3 24.4 24.1 24.1
Family received:
Medicare and Medicaid 1832 14.2 49.8 49.2 48.8
109/17/99 112
Table 3. Percent of Families in Poverty, by Definition of Income and Selected Characteristics: 1998-X1 (White)
After taxes
Definition 8
Definition 4 Definition 6 plus
less Definition 5 plus Definition 7 nonmeans-
Social less Earned less tested
Security Federal Income state government
payroll income Tax income cash
taxes taxes Credit taxes transfers
Def 5 Def 6 Def 7 Def 8 Def 9
BELOW POVERTY LEVEL
White
All families 14.7 14.8 13.5 13.6 6.7
Age of Householder
15 to 24 years 26.2 26.2 22.1 22.1 20.9
25 to 44 years 10.8 10.9 8.7 8.8 7.7
45 to 54 years 6.2 6.2 5.7 5.7 4.1
55 to 64 years 11.4 11.5 11.3 11.4 5.5
65 years and over 35.3 35.6 35.5 35.7 5.0
Type of Family
Married-couple families 11.7 11.8 10.9 11.0 3.9
With related children under 18 7.2 7.2 5.5 5.5 4.5
With related children under 6 8.8 8.8 6.4 6.4 5.6
Male householder, no wife present 14.9 15.0 12.8 12.9 8.3
Female householder, no husband present 31.6 32.0 28.6 28.7 22.0
With related children under 18 36.7 36.9 31.9 32.1 28.9
With related children under 6 47.4 47.6 41.9 41.9 39.5
Type of Residence
Inside metropolitan areas 13.5 13.6 12.5 12.5 6.3
Inside central cities 17.6 17.7 15.9 15.9 9.7
Outside central cities 11.9 11.9 11.0 11.1 4.9
Outside metropolitan areas 18.9 19.0 17.4 17.6 8.0
109/17/99 113
Table 3. Percent of Families in Poverty, by Definition of Income and Selected Characteristics: 1998-X1 (White)
After taxes
Definition 8
Definition 4 Definition 6 plus
less Definition 5 plus Definition 7 nonmeans-
Social less Earned less tested
Security Federal Income state government
payroll income Tax income cash
taxes taxes Credit taxes transfers
Def 5 Def 6 Def 7 Def 8 Def 9
Region
Northeast 13.1 13.2 12.4 12.5 6.2
Midwest 13.2 13.2 12.0 12.2 5.1
South 15.9 16.0 14.6 14.7 6.7
West 16.1 16.1 14.5 14.5 8.9
Educational Attainment
Less than 12th grade, no diploma 38.4 38.7 35.9 36.1 19.2
High school graduate, no college 15.8 15.9 14.4 14.5 7.0
College: Less than bachelor's degree 10.3 10.3 9.2 9.3 4.4
Bachelor's degree or more 4.0 4.0 3.8 3.8 1.3
Work Experience in 1998-X1
Total, 15 to 64 years 10.5 10.5 9.0 9.1 7.0
Worked at full-time jobs 4.9 4.9 3.6 3.6 3.1
50 to 52 weeks 2.9 2.9 1.9 1.9 1.7
Worked at part-time jobs 18.6 18.6 15.9 15.9 13.8
Did not work 38.3 38.5 36.9 37.0 25.7
Year-Round Full-Time Workers
No workers 44.8 44.8 43.1 43.3 19.2
Householder 15 to 64 years 45.0 45.0 41.8 42.0 31.3
Householder 65 years and over 44.5 44.5 44.5 44.6 6.0
One worker 5.2 5.4 3.7 3.7 3.0
Two workers or more 0.6 0.7 0.5 0.5 0.4
109/17/99 114
Table 3. Percent of Families in Poverty, by Definition of Income and Selected Characteristics: 1998-X1 (White)
After taxes
Definition 8
Definition 4 Definition 6 plus
less Definition 5 plus Definition 7 nonmeans-
Social less Earned less tested
Security Federal Income state government
payroll income Tax income cash
taxes taxes Credit taxes transfers
Def 5 Def 6 Def 7 Def 8 Def 9
Program Participation Status of
Family Members
One or more members received:
Cash assistance 64.6 64.9 61.8 61.8 52.5
AFDC or other non-SSI 78.4 78.8 73.5 73.5 68.5
SSI 56.1 56.5 55.3 55.4 42.2
Food stamps 74.6 74.9 67.9 68.0 59.2
Housing assistance 66.6 66.6 59.9 60.2 49.5
Energy assistance 73.4 73.7 67.9 68.1 52.5
Free or reduced-price school lunches 42.5 42.6 35.1 35.2 30.7
Family received both food stamps and
cash assistance 84.2 84.7 80.6 80.6 72.7
Health Insurance Coverage
One or more members covered by:
Employer-provided plan 5.1 5.1 4.5 4.6 1.8
Medicare 34.1 34.4 34.2 34.4 6.0
Medicaid 47.1 47.3 42.4 42.5 32.5
No members covered by:
Employer-provided plan or Medicare or
Medicaid 21.2 21.3 17.4 17.5 15.4
Health insurance 27.1 27.2 22.2 22.2 20.1
Family received:
Medicare and Medicaid 49.5 50.0 49.3 49.5 21.4
109/17/99 115
Table 3. Percent of Families in Poverty, by Definition of Income and Selected Characteristics: 1998-X1 (White)
After taxes
Definition 13
Definition 11 plus
Definition 10 plus other
plus means-tested means-tested
Definition 9 regular-price government Definition 12 government
plus school cash plus noncash
Medicare lunches transfers Medicaid transfers
Def 10 Def 11 Def 12 Def 13 Def 14
BELOW POVERTY LEVEL
White
All families 6.6 6.6 5.9 5.7 5.0
Age of Householder
15 to 24 years 20.9 20.9 19.8 18.9 17.1
25 to 44 years 7.6 7.6 7.0 6.7 5.6
45 to 54 years 4.0 4.0 3.4 3.3 3.0
55 to 64 years 5.3 5.3 4.6 4.5 4.3
65 years and over 4.7 4.7 4.0 4.0 4.0
Type of Family
Married-couple families 3.8 3.8 3.5 3.3 3.0
With related children under 18 4.4 4.4 4.2 3.9 3.4
With related children under 6 5.6 5.6 5.3 5.0 4.1
Male householder, no wife present 8.1 8.1 7.1 7.0 6.2
Female householder, no husband present 21.8 21.7 19.4 18.8 16.0
With related children under 18 28.8 28.8 26.1 25.3 21.3
With related children under 6 39.4 39.3 36.9 35.8 30.5
Type of Residence
Inside metropolitan areas 6.2 6.2 5.6 5.4 4.7
Inside central cities 9.5 9.5 8.5 8.0 6.9
Outside central cities 4.8 4.8 4.4 4.3 3.8
Outside metropolitan areas 7.9 7.9 7.1 6.9 6.2
109/17/99 116
Table 3. Percent of Families in Poverty, by Definition of Income and Selected Characteristics: 1998-X1 (White)
After taxes
Definition 13
Definition 11 plus
Definition 10 plus other
plus means-tested means-tested
Definition 9 regular-price government Definition 12 government
plus school cash plus noncash
Medicare lunches transfers Medicaid transfers
Def 10 Def 11 Def 12 Def 13 Def 14
Region
Northeast 6.0 6.0 5.1 4.9 4.2
Midwest 5.0 5.0 4.6 4.4 3.8
South 6.6 6.6 6.1 5.9 5.4
West 8.8 8.8 7.9 7.6 6.7
Educational Attainment
Less than 12th grade, no diploma 18.6 18.6 16.8 16.2 14.0
High school graduate, no college 6.9 6.9 6.3 6.1 5.4
College: Less than bachelor's degree 4.4 4.4 3.9 3.8 3.3
Bachelor's degree or more 1.3 1.3 1.2 1.1 1.1
Work Experience in 1998-X1
Total, 15 to 64 years 6.9 6.9 6.3 6.1 5.3
Worked at full-time jobs 3.1 3.1 2.9 2.8 2.3
50 to 52 weeks 1.7 1.7 1.6 1.5 1.3
Worked at part-time jobs 13.8 13.7 12.5 12.0 10.7
Did not work 25.0 25.0 22.4 21.5 19.1
Year-Round Full-Time Workers
No workers 18.8 18.8 16.9 16.3 14.5
Householder 15 to 64 years 30.9 30.8 28.1 26.9 23.5
Householder 65 years and over 5.7 5.7 4.8 4.8 4.8
One worker 3.0 3.0 2.7 2.6 2.2
Two workers or more 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.3
109/17/99 117
Table 3. Percent of Families in Poverty, by Definition of Income and Selected Characteristics: 1998-X1 (White)
After taxes
Definition 13
Definition 11 plus
Definition 10 plus other
plus means-tested means-tested
Definition 9 regular-price government Definition 12 government
plus school cash plus noncash
Medicare lunches transfers Medicaid transfers
Def 10 Def 11 Def 12 Def 13 Def 14
Program Participation Status of
Family Members
One or more members received:
Cash assistance 50.7 50.7 37.8 35.0 27.4
AFDC or other non-SSI 67.7 67.7 56.4 52.3 39.3
SSI 39.1 39.1 23.4 20.9 17.6
Food stamps 58.0 58.0 50.2 46.1 34.4
Housing assistance 48.6 48.6 41.8 37.3 22.4
Energy assistance 51.6 51.6 42.1 38.0 29.2
Free or reduced-price school lunches 30.6 30.6 27.4 26.1 20.9
Family received both food stamps and
cash assistance 71.3 71.3 57.2 52.1 38.6
Health Insurance Coverage
One or more members covered by:
Employer-provided plan 1.8 1.8 1.7 1.7 1.5
Medicare 5.4 5.4 4.5 4.4 4.2
Medicaid 31.7 31.7 26.4 24.5 19.8
No members covered by:
Employer-provided plan or Medicare or
Medicaid 15.4 15.4 15.2 15.2 14.4
Health insurance 20.1 20.0 19.9 19.9 18.8
Family received:
Medicare and Medicaid 18.2 18.2 12.3 11.6 10.4
109/17/99 118
Table 3. Percent of Families in Poverty, by Definition of Income and Selected Characteristics: 1998-X1 (White)
After taxes
Definition 14
plus
net Money
imputed Definition 14 Income Money
return less after Taxes Income
on equity medical not including after
in own home programs EITC Taxes
Def 15 Def 16 Def 17 Def 18
BELOW POVERTY LEVEL
White
All families 4.6 5.1 7.7 6.3
Age of Householder
15 to 24 years 16.5 17.2 25.1 20.9
25 to 44 years 5.4 5.7 10.0 7.5
45 to 54 years 2.6 3.0 4.3 3.7
55 to 64 years 3.4 4.4 5.1 4.9
65 years and over 2.8 4.0 4.1 4.1
Type of Family
Married-couple families 2.7 3.1 4.7 3.8
With related children under 18 3.1 3.5 6.6 4.7
With related children under 6 3.8 4.3 8.6 6.2
Male householder, no wife present 5.6 6.2 9.9 7.7
Female householder, no husband present 15.0 16.2 24.1 20.0
With related children under 18 20.6 21.6 32.9 26.9
With related children under 6 30.0 31.1 45.2 37.9
Type of Residence
Inside metropolitan areas 4.3 4.8 7.3 5.9
Inside central cities 6.5 7.0 11.2 9.0
Outside central cities 3.4 3.9 5.7 4.7
Outside metropolitan areas 5.4 6.3 9.2 7.6
109/17/99 119
Table 3. Percent of Families in Poverty, by Definition of Income and Selected Characteristics: 1998-X1 (White)
After taxes
Definition 14
plus
net Money
imputed Definition 14 Income Money
return less after Taxes Income
on equity medical not including after
in own home programs EITC Taxes
Def 15 Def 16 Def 17 Def 18
Region
Northeast 3.9 4.3 6.6 5.5
Midwest 3.4 3.9 6.1 4.9
South 4.7 5.5 7.8 6.5
West 6.2 6.7 10.4 8.3
Educational Attainment
Less than 12th grade, no diploma 12.3 14.4 20.9 17.7
High school graduate, no college 5.1 5.5 8.4 6.8
College: Less than bachelor's degree 3.0 3.4 5.4 4.2
Bachelor's degree or more 0.9 1.1 1.5 1.2
Work Experience in 1998-X1
Total, 15 to 64 years 4.9 5.4 8.4 6.7
Worked at full-time jobs 2.2 2.4 4.8 3.2
50 to 52 weeks 1.2 1.3 3.1 1.8
Worked at part-time jobs 10.1 10.8 16.2 13.3
Did not work 17.5 19.6 24.9 23.2
Year-Round Full-Time Workers
No workers 13.1 14.8 19.5 17.6
Householder 15 to 64 years 22.0 24.0 32.8 29.1
Householder 65 years and over 3.4 4.8 5.0 5.0
One worker 2.0 2.3 5.0 3.1
Two workers or more 0.3 0.4 0.7 0.5
109/17/99 120
Table 3. Percent of Families in Poverty, by Definition of Income and Selected Characteristics: 1998-X1 (White)
After taxes
Definition 14
plus
net Money
imputed Definition 14 Income Money
return less after Taxes Income
on equity medical not including after
in own home programs EITC Taxes
Def 15 Def 16 Def 17 Def 18
Program Participation Status of
Family Members
One or more members received:
Cash assistance 25.3 28.5 43.2 38.8
AFDC or other non-SSI 37.7 41.0 64.2 57.1
SSI 15.0 18.3 27.2 24.6
Food stamps 32.4 35.4 60.4 52.4
Housing assistance 22.4 23.8 51.4 44.0
Energy assistance 25.9 29.8 52.5 43.7
Free or reduced-price school lunches 19.4 21.3 37.7 28.9
Family received both food stamps and
cash assistance 36.2 40.2 64.4 58.5
Health Insurance Coverage
One or more members covered by:
Employer-provided plan 1.4 1.6 2.9 2.1
Medicare 3.2 4.4 5.0 4.9
Medicaid 18.3 20.5 33.1 27.5
No members covered by:
Employer-provided plan or Medicare or
Medicaid 13.1 14.4 19.1 15.2
Health insurance 17.4 18.8 25.2 20.0
Family received:
Medicare and Medicaid 8.1 10.8 14.2 13.7
109/17/99 121
Table 3. Percent of Families in Poverty, by Definition of Income and Selected Characteristics: 1998-X1 (White)
Defin 1 Defin 2 Defin 3 Defin 4 Defin 5 Defin 6 Defin 7 Defin 8 Defin 9
BELOW POVERTY LEVEL
White
All families 4289 8824 8712 8433 8840 8887 8137 8182 4018
Age of Householder
15 to 24 years 584 648 642 605 656 656 554 554 523
25 to 44 years 2360 2771 2742 2570 2830 2839 2276 2291 2005
45 to 54 years 508 800 787 759 792 794 728 733 521
55 to 64 years 405 944 938 919 949 959 944 951 462
65 years and over 432 3662 3603 3579 3614 3639 3635 3654 507
Type of Family
Married-couple families 2073 5697 5602 5418 5685 5700 5304 5335 1884
With related children under 18 1275 1574 1551 1410 1630 1634 1242 1250 1015
With related children under 6 784 895 881 785 933 933 672 678 593
Male householder, no wife present 273 448 447 436 459 462 395 397 256
Female householder, no husband present 1943 2679 2662 2579 2695 2726 2439 2450 1878
With related children under 18 1769 2070 2060 1983 2086 2099 1818 1826 1647
With related children under 6 975 1057 1051 1011 1065 1069 941 941 887
Type of Residence
Inside metropolitan areas 3178 6397 6290 6067 6356 6395 5853 5877 2967
Inside central cities 1429 2423 2398 2298 2426 2446 2192 2198 1335
Outside central cities 1748 3974 3892 3769 3930 3949 3661 3680 1631
Outside metropolitan areas 1112 2427 2422 2366 2484 2492 2285 2305 1051
Region
Northeast 702 1518 1496 1454 1488 1500 1413 1426 701
Midwest 831 1956 1932 1878 1977 1978 1808 1829 770
South 1485 3247 3196 3114 3262 3288 3008 3017 1383
West 1271 2104 2088 1988 2114 2121 1908 1911 1164
Educational Attainment
Less than 12th grade, no diploma 1794 3518 3473 3376 3524 3556 3300 3316 1764
109/17/99 122
Table 3. Percent of Families in Poverty, by Definition of Income and Selected Characteristics: 1998-X1 (White)
Defin 1 Defin 2 Defin 3 Defin 4 Defin 5 Defin 6 Defin 7 Defin 8 Defin 9
High school graduate, no college 1499 3058 3019 2915 3059 3066 2792 2802 1349
College: Less than bachelor's degree 781 1620 1597 1537 1625 1629 1446 1461 696
Bachelor's degree or more 216 628 624 606 632 636 599 604 209
Work Experience in 1998-X1
Total, 15 to 64 years 3857 5163 5108 4854 5226 5248 4502 4528 3511
Worked at full-time jobs 1579 1865 1824 1630 1888 1895 1384 1401 1215
50 to 52 weeks 812 945 922 790 980 980 630 637 574
Worked at part-time jobs 706 829 825 798 849 849 723 725 629
Did not work 1572 2469 2459 2426 2489 2503 2395 2403 1667
Year-Round Full-Time Workers
No workers 3136 7408 7322 7222 7353 7359 7082 7107 3152
Householder 15 to 64 years 2732 3847 3816 3737 3847 3848 3573 3587 2677
Householder 65 years and over 403 3562 3506 3485 3506 3511 3509 3519 475
One worker 1063 1307 1285 1126 1379 1415 972 989 796
Two workers or more 91 108 105 85 108 113 84 87 69
Program Participation Status of
Family Members
One or more members received:
Cash assistance 1184 1802 1779 1756 1796 1806 1718 1720 1461
AFDC or other non-SSI 865 1076 1064 1046 1078 1083 1010 1010 942
SSI 440 920 909 904 914 920 901 903 688
Food stamps 1626 2087 2059 2008 2076 2083 1888 1893 1646
Housing assistance 709 943 934 913 944 944 848 853 701
Energy assistance 461 681 676 659 666 669 615 618 476
Free or reduced-price school lunches 1808 2191 2171 2059 2236 2244 1850 1856 1617
Family received both food stamps and
cash assistance 955 1278 1264 1249 1272 1280 1218 1218 1099
Health Insurance Coverage
One or more members covered by:
Employer-provided plan 1156 2451 2416 2137 2267 2286 2028 2042 827
Medicare 658 4531 4472 4427 4487 4519 4496 4520 782
Medicaid 2136 3175 3133 3058 3190 3204 2873 2880 2203
109/17/99 123
Table 3. Percent of Families in Poverty, by Definition of Income and Selected Characteristics: 1998-X1 (White)
Defin 1 Defin 2 Defin 3 Defin 4 Defin 5 Defin 6 Defin 7 Defin 8 Defin 9
No members covered by:
Employer-provided plan or Medicare or
Medicaid 1070 1205 1192 1192 1335 1341 1095 1103 970
Health insurance 853 934 921 921 1035 1041 848 850 768
Family received:
Medicare and Medicaid 261 912 901 894 907 915 904 907 391
109/17/99 124
Table 3. Percent of Families in Poverty, by Definition of Income and Selected Characteristics: 1998-X1 (White)
Defin 10 Defin 11 Defin 12 Defin 13 Defin 14 Defin 15 Defin 16 Defin 17 Defin 18
BELOW POVERTY LEVEL
White
All families 3940 3936 3562 3436 3032 2741 3088 4635 3788
Age of Householder
15 to 24 years 522 522 496 474 428 414 430 628 522
25 to 44 years 1990 1987 1836 1762 1463 1421 1496 2612 1966
45 to 54 years 508 508 439 417 381 334 385 547 470
55 to 64 years 441 441 380 372 355 287 371 424 406
65 years and over 479 479 410 410 404 287 406 424 424
Type of Family
Married-couple families 1833 1833 1690 1617 1477 1287 1517 2278 1846
With related children under 18 1003 1003 942 890 758 706 784 1487 1061
With related children under 6 588 588 561 523 434 400 450 905 652
Male householder, no wife present 249 249 219 216 190 173 190 304 237
Female householder, no husband present 1858 1854 1652 1602 1365 1281 1380 2054 1705
With related children under 18 1642 1638 1487 1441 1213 1170 1228 1873 1534
With related children under 6 884 883 829 805 684 674 699 1015 851
Type of Residence
Inside metropolitan areas 2910 2907 2636 2531 2219 2037 2260 3427 2791
Inside central cities 1315 1314 1170 1107 953 900 972 1541 1238
Outside central cities 1595 1593 1466 1425 1266 1137 1288 1887 1553
Outside metropolitan areas 1030 1030 926 904 813 704 828 1208 997
Region
Northeast 686 682 582 552 475 443 484 755 627
Midwest 755 755 688 665 575 516 588 917 737
South 1349 1349 1247 1213 1107 973 1129 1600 1329
West 1150 1150 1044 1005 875 809 887 1364 1096
Educational Attainment
Less than 12th grade, no diploma 1712 1711 1542 1485 1289 1132 1320 1922 1628
109/17/99 125
Table 3. Percent of Families in Poverty, by Definition of Income and Selected Characteristics: 1998-X1 (White)
Defin 10 Defin 11 Defin 12 Defin 13 Defin 14 Defin 15 Defin 16 Defin 17 Defin 18
High school graduate, no college 1335 1332 1221 1173 1051 984 1071 1623 1307
College: Less than bachelor's degree 687 687 616 600 526 477 530 846 657
Bachelor's degree or more 207 207 183 177 166 149 167 244 197
Work Experience in 1998-X1
Total, 15 to 64 years 3462 3458 3152 3025 2628 2455 2682 4212 3364
Worked at full-time jobs 1210 1209 1127 1079 895 857 914 1853 1253
50 to 52 weeks 570 569 531 510 431 409 442 1023 616
Worked at part-time jobs 629 626 569 547 490 462 495 740 606
Did not work 1623 1623 1455 1399 1243 1135 1274 1618 1505
Year-Round Full-Time Workers
No workers 3087 3084 2778 2681 2385 2148 2425 3199 2884
Householder 15 to 64 years 2638 2636 2397 2300 2008 1882 2047 2805 2490
Householder 65 years and over 448 448 381 381 377 267 378 394 394
One worker 790 788 720 693 588 540 598 1320 815
Two workers or more 64 64 64 62 59 53 65 116 89
Program Participation Status of
Family Members
One or more members received:
Cash assistance 1409 1409 1051 973 762 704 792 1202 1078
AFDC or other non-SSI 931 931 776 719 540 519 564 882 785
SSI 637 637 381 341 287 245 298 443 402
Food stamps 1615 1615 1396 1283 959 902 986 1681 1458
Housing assistance 688 688 593 529 317 317 337 728 624
Energy assistance 468 468 382 345 264 235 270 476 396
Free or reduced-price school lunches 1609 1609 1442 1374 1100 1019 1121 1986 1521
Family received both food stamps and
cash assistance 1078 1078 864 788 583 547 607 973 885
Health Insurance Coverage
One or more members covered by:
Employer-provided plan 818 816 771 763 687 625 696 1295 958
Medicare 704 704 594 582 557 427 575 657 640
Medicaid 2144 2144 1787 1660 1342 1238 1387 2238 1861
109/17/99 126
Table 3. Percent of Families in Poverty, by Definition of Income and Selected Characteristics: 1998-X1 (White)
Defin 10 Defin 11 Defin 12 Defin 13 Defin 14 Defin 15 Defin 16 Defin 17 Defin 18
No members covered by:
Employer-provided plan or Medicare or
Medicaid 970 969 957 957 905 828 905 1206 958
Health insurance 768 767 763 763 717 665 717 963 764
Family received:
Medicare and Medicaid 333 333 225 213 190 148 197 261 252