07/17/98 1
Table 5. Mean Income Deficit of Families in Poverty, by Definition of Income and Selected Characteristics: 1997
Before taxes
Money income--
Excluding Definition 1 Definition 2
capital gains less government plus
(current measure) transfers capital gains
Mean deficit Mean deficit Mean deficit
Total Def 1 Def 2 Def 3
(thous.) Value Std error Value Std error Value Std error
All families 70884 6602 83 8342 66 8335 66
Race of householder
White 59515 6256 99 7905 71 7890 71
Black 8408 7283 163 9699 162 9718 162
API 2381 7876 495 9435 530 9421 529
Hispanic origin 6961 6826 180 8968 189 8960 191
Age of Householder
15 to 24 years 3018 6517 208 8291 232 8323 232
25 to 44 years 32510 7140 114 9110 126 9105 127
45 to 54 years 14695 6545 266 8948 240 8945 242
55 to 64 years 9391 5618 235 8285 186 8272 186
65 years and over 11270 4426 203 7373 80 7355 81
Type of Family
Married-couple families 54321 6150 137 7682 83 7658 83
With related children under 18 26430 6886 181 8960 194 8938 194
With related children under 6 12600 6967 235 8727 270 8716 271
Male householder, no wife present 3911 6306 296 7692 262 7722 262
Female householder, no husband present 12652 6959 112 9356 112 9367 113
With related children under 18 8822 7244 119 9782 131 9795 131
With related children under 6 3636 7974 164 10694 190 10713 190
07/17/98 2
Table 5. Mean Income Deficit of Families in Poverty, by Definition of Income and Selected Characteristics: 1997
Before taxes
Money income--
Excluding Definition 1 Definition 2
capital gains less government plus
(current measure) transfers capital gains
Mean deficit Mean deficit Mean deficit
Total Def 1 Def 2 Def 3
(thous.) Value Std error Value Std error Value Std error
Type of Residence
Inside metropolitan areas 56350 6735 96 8345 78 8338 78
Inside central cities 19592 6684 126 8629 117 8638 117
Outside central cities 36758 6798 149 8079 104 8057 105
Outside metropolitan areas 14534 6204 204 8333 151 8327 152
Region
Northeast 13338 6750 165 8630 131 8640 131
Midwest 16594 6228 184 7894 136 7871 137
South 25682 6754 140 8401 105 8400 105
West 15270 6511 173 8420 161 8403 161
Educational Attainment
Less than 12th grade, no diploma 12069 6903 130 9157 106 9146 107
High school graduate, no college 23172 6436 139 7895 108 7893 108
College: Less than bachelor's degree 18183 6396 194 7792 151 7767 152
Bachelor's degree or more 17460 5942 385 6962 239 7010 239
Work Experience in 1997
Total, 15 to 64 years 59614 6824 89 8859 91 8858 91
Worked at full-time jobs 45676 5455 126 6123 127 6116 127
50 to 52 weeks 39248 4940 175 5146 169 5118 169
Worked at part-time jobs 5831 6841 189 8095 195 8075 196
Did not work 8107 8058 145 11289 127 11290 128
07/17/98 3
Table 5. Mean Income Deficit of Families in Poverty, by Definition of Income and Selected Characteristics: 1997
Before taxes
Money income--
Excluding Definition 1 Definition 2
capital gains less government plus
(current measure) transfers capital gains
Mean deficit Mean deficit Mean deficit
Total Def 1 Def 2 Def 3
(thous.) Value Std error Value Std error Value Std error
Year-Round Full-Time Workers
No workers 20425 7055 96 8929 71 8922 71
Householder 15 to 64 years 11747 7404 102 9938 100 9936 101
Householder 65 years and over 8678 4366 207 7425 81 7407 81
One worker 30594 4957 160 5132 144 5102 144
Two workers or more 19865 5843 683 6586 765 6674 769
Program Participation Status of
Family Members
One or more members received:
Cash assistance 4892 7017 134 11269 136 11276 136
AFDC or other non-SSI 2824 7549 150 11919 173 11933 173
SSI 2546 5029 202 10822 195 10809 196
Food stamps 5242 7198 119 10577 132 10587 132
Housing assistance 2629 7322 171 10237 178 10251 178
Energy assistance 1526 6593 225 10224 238 10228 239
Free or reduced-price school lunches 7452 7444 131 10303 148 10305 148
Family received both food stamps and
cash assistance 3045 7290 145 11825 159 11834 159
07/17/98 4
Table 5. Mean Income Deficit of Families in Poverty, by Definition of Income and Selected Characteristics: 1997
Before taxes
Money income--
Excluding Definition 1 Definition 2
capital gains less government plus
(current measure) transfers capital gains
Mean deficit Mean deficit Mean deficit
Total Def 1 Def 2 Def 3
(thous.) Value Std error Value Std error Value Std error
Health Insurance Coverage
One or more members covered by:
Employer-provided plan 50957 5775 165 6411 115 6402 115
Medicare 14988 4698 171 7839 79 7825 80
Medicaid 9980 6929 109 10108 110 10103 110
No members covered by:
Employer-provided plan or Medicare
or Medicaid 8086 7031 193 7326 176 7314 176
Health insurance 5004 7170 214 7444 201 7420 201
Family received:
Medicare and Medicaid 2548 5168 261 10026 179 10013 179
07/17/98 5
Table 5. Mean Income Deficit of Families in Poverty, by Definition of Income and Selected Characteristics: 1997
Before taxes After taxes
Definition 3
plus health
insurance Definition 4 Definition 5 Definition 6
supplements to less less plus
wage or salary Social Security Federal Earned Income
income payroll taxes income taxes Tax Credit
Mean deficit Mean defict Mean deficit Mean defict
Def 4 Def 5 Def 6 Def 7
Value Std error Value Std error Value Std error Value Std error
All families 8425 67 8347 65 8326 65 8288 69
Race of householder
White 7965 72 7918 70 7901 70 7841 74
Black 9871 163 9704 160 9683 160 9727 170
API 9559 542 9453 528 9363 525 9121 554
Hispanic origin 9093 195 9040 187 9001 186 8940 205
Age of Householder
15 to 24 years 8408 236 8275 228 8283 227 8110 251
25 to 44 years 9298 129 9157 124 9127 124 9196 139
45 to 54 years 9037 247 8888 238 8839 237 9022 253
55 to 64 years 8314 188 8241 185 8175 185 8125 188
65 years and over 7391 80 7358 80 7357 80 7329 80
Type of Family
Married-couple families 7729 84 7662 82 7644 82 7498 84
With related children under 18 9077 201 8888 189 8849 188 8639 216
With related children under 6 8818 279 8589 260 8564 259 8264 301
Male householder, no wife present 7801 263 7728 253 7707 251 7980 267
Female householder, no husband present 9483 114 9399 112 9373 111 9484 119
With related children under 18 9929 132 9876 129 9863 129 10009 140
With related children under 6 10908 191 10787 189 10777 188 10784 204
07/17/98 6
Table 5. Mean Income Deficit of Families in Poverty, by Definition of Income and Selected Characteristics: 1997
Before taxes After taxes
Definition 3
plus health
insurance Definition 4 Definition 5 Definition 6
supplements to less less plus
wage or salary Social Security Federal Earned Income
income payroll taxes income taxes Tax Credit
Mean deficit Mean defict Mean deficit Mean defict
Def 4 Def 5 Def 6 Def 7
Value Std error Value Std error Value Std error Value Std error
Type of Residence
Inside metropolitan areas 8436 79 8374 77 8355 77 8272 81
Inside central cities 8737 118 8672 115 8659 114 8591 123
Outside central cities 8155 106 8093 104 8069 104 7979 107
Outside metropolitan areas 8395 153 8273 150 8246 150 8335 157
Region
Northeast 8749 133 8670 130 8670 130 8646 136
Midwest 7999 138 7871 136 7868 136 7874 142
South 8478 106 8392 103 8359 103 8344 108
West 8457 164 8447 159 8413 158 8273 169
Educational Attainment
Less than 12th grade, no diploma 9178 107 9159 105 9143 105 9002 109
High school graduate, no college 7984 109 7919 107 7895 107 7863 113
College: Less than bachelor's degree 7906 155 7724 150 7693 150 7796 160
Bachelor's degree or more 7202 245 7061 240 7052 239 7082 252
Work Experience in 1997
Total, 15 to 64 years 8995 93 8867 89 8834 89 8854 97
Worked at full-time jobs 6236 133 6196 125 6163 124 5747 142
50 to 52 weeks 5178 180 5179 163 5148 163 4714 198
Worked at part-time jobs 7983 199 8065 192 8044 191 7720 207
Did not work 11371 127 11306 127 11273 126 11204 130
07/17/98 7
Table 5. Mean Income Deficit of Families in Poverty, by Definition of Income and Selected Characteristics: 1997
Before taxes After taxes
Definition 3
plus health
insurance Definition 4 Definition 5 Definition 6
supplements to less less plus
wage or salary Social Security Federal Earned Income
income payroll taxes income taxes Tax Credit
Mean deficit Mean defict Mean deficit Mean defict
Def 4 Def 5 Def 6 Def 7
Value Std error Value Std error Value Std error Value Std error
Year-Round Full-Time Workers
No workers 8969 71 8956 70 8946 70 8843 72
Householder 15 to 64 years 10005 101 9979 100 9965 100 9867 105
Householder 65 years and over 7441 81 7419 81 7415 81 7398 80
One worker 5121 153 5180 139 5155 138 4559 158
Two workers or more 6770 767 6167 655 6068 633 6478 797
Program Participation Status of
Family Members
One or more members received:
Cash assistance 11355 136 11279 135 11279 135 11115 140
AFDC or other non-SSI 12015 172 11989 171 11998 171 11725 181
SSI 10860 196 10722 197 10719 196 10765 198
Food stamps 10661 133 10641 131 10626 130 10507 139
Housing assistance 10316 179 10293 176 10269 176 10287 185
Energy assistance 10290 239 10345 234 10324 234 10253 245
Free or reduced-price school lunches 10452 150 10337 146 10306 146 10348 160
Family received both food stamps and
cash assistance 11925 158 11857 158 11861 158 11656 165
07/17/98 8
Table 5. Mean Income Deficit of Families in Poverty, by Definition of Income and Selected Characteristics: 1997
Before taxes After taxes
Definition 3
plus health
insurance Definition 4 Definition 5 Definition 6
supplements to less less plus
wage or salary Social Security Federal Earned Income
income payroll taxes income taxes Tax Credit
Mean deficit Mean defict Mean deficit Mean defict
Def 4 Def 5 Def 6 Def 7
Value Std error Value Std error Value Std error Value Std error
Health Insurance Coverage
One or more members covered by:
Employer-provided plan 6514 120 6380 116 6361 115 6455 124
Medicare 7861 80 7840 79 7838 79 7786 79
Medicaid 10177 111 10099 109 10082 109 10040 115
No members covered by:
Employer-provided plan or Medicare
or Medicaid 7314 176 7301 166 7268 166 7046 187
Health insurance 7420 201 7391 189 7351 189 7098 214
Family received:
Medicare and Medicaid 10049 179 10083 177 10101 176 10005 178
07/17/98 9
Table 5. Mean Income Deficit of Families in Poverty, by Definition of Income and Selected Characteristics: 1997
After taxes
Definition 8
plus
Definition 7 nonmeans- Definition 10
less tested Definition 9 plus
State government plus regular-price
income taxes cash transfers Medicare school lunches
Mean defict Mean defict Mean deficit Mean deficit
Def 8 Def 9 Def 10 Def 11
Value Std error Value Std error Value Std error Value Std error
All families 8241 69 7852 100 7951 101 7945 101
Race of householder
White 7796 73 7420 118 7520 120 7514 120
Black 9698 170 8624 196 8748 199 8744 199
API 8912 550 9269 594 9212 605 9206 606
Hispanic origin 8914 205 8190 230 8265 232 8260 232
Age of Householder
15 to 24 years 8073 250 7902 254 7933 254 7931 254
25 to 44 years 9140 138 8642 145 8668 146 8659 146
45 to 54 years 8953 252 7950 293 8067 296 8063 296
55 to 64 years 8020 188 6696 255 6785 262 6784 262
65 years and over 7307 80 4992 201 5144 212 5141 212
Type of Family
Married-couple families 7442 84 6627 154 6712 158 6706 158
With related children under 18 8548 214 7524 223 7526 226 7516 226
With related children under 6 8124 298 7385 292 7339 294 7333 294
Male householder, no wife present 7984 266 7203 331 7490 337 7480 337
Female householder, no husband present 9448 119 8815 137 8880 138 8875 138
With related children under 18 9973 140 9264 147 9271 148 9266 148
With related children under 6 10757 204 10125 207 10136 208 10132 208
07/17/98 10
Table 5. Mean Income Deficit of Families in Poverty, by Definition of Income and Selected Characteristics: 1997
After taxes
Definition 8
plus
Definition 7 nonmeans- Definition 10
less tested Definition 9 plus
State government plus regular-price
income taxes cash transfers Medicare school lunches
Mean defict Mean defict Mean deficit Mean deficit
Def 8 Def 9 Def 10 Def 11
Value Std error Value Std error Value Std error Value Std error
Type of Residence
Inside metropolitan areas 8226 81 8037 116 8124 118 8119 118
Inside central cities 8553 122 8129 156 8217 158 8212 158
Outside central cities 7927 107 7920 175 8007 178 8001 178
Outside metropolitan areas 8284 157 7290 236 7425 240 7419 240
Region
Northeast 8587 136 8708 206 8815 208 8811 208
Midwest 7810 141 7666 226 7755 230 7748 230
South 8299 108 7456 155 7611 157 7606 157
West 8250 169 7994 223 7993 227 7986 227
Educational Attainment
Less than 12th grade, no diploma 8975 109 8333 158 8501 161 8497 161
High school graduate, no college 7811 113 7664 166 7752 168 7746 168
College: Less than bachelor's degree 7728 160 7324 226 7419 229 7412 229
Bachelor's degree or more 7011 251 6612 406 6288 409 6277 408
Work Experience in 1997
Total, 15 to 64 years 8789 97 8213 108 8268 109 8262 109
Worked at full-time jobs 5671 141 5594 148 5599 149 5591 149
50 to 52 weeks 4616 194 4672 206 4680 208 4667 207
Worked at part-time jobs 7703 207 7629 224 7693 225 7687 225
Did not work 11157 130 10264 160 10390 161 10385 161
07/17/98 11
Table 5. Mean Income Deficit of Families in Poverty, by Definition of Income and Selected Characteristics: 1997
After taxes
Definition 8
plus
Definition 7 nonmeans- Definition 10
less tested Definition 9 plus
State government plus regular-price
income taxes cash transfers Medicare school lunches
Mean defict Mean defict Mean deficit Mean deficit
Def 8 Def 9 Def 10 Def 11
Value Std error Value Std error Value Std error Value Std error
Year-Round Full-Time Workers
No workers 8810 72 8581 111 8719 113 8715 113
Householder 15 to 64 years 9826 105 9139 120 9216 121 9212 121
Householder 65 years and over 7376 80 4962 204 5112 217 5110 217
One worker 4500 155 4491 178 4509 180 4498 179
Two workers or more 6390 788 6619 797 6525 797 6505 796
Program Participation Status of
Family Members
One or more members received:
Cash assistance 11112 140 10102 157 10228 160 10226 160
AFDC or other non-SSI 11708 181 10918 189 10943 191 10941 191
SSI 10784 197 9086 239 9272 252 9270 252
Food stamps 10476 139 9434 147 9480 149 9478 149
Housing assistance 10291 184 9422 206 9550 208 9549 208
Energy assistance 10239 244 9076 283 9159 287 9159 287
Free or reduced-price school lunches 10302 160 9352 167 9388 169 9387 169
Family received both food stamps and
cash assistance 11657 164 10627 177 10684 179 10683 179
07/17/98 12
Table 5. Mean Income Deficit of Families in Poverty, by Definition of Income and Selected Characteristics: 1997
After taxes
Definition 8
plus
Definition 7 nonmeans- Definition 10
less tested Definition 9 plus
State government plus regular-price
income taxes cash transfers Medicare school lunches
Mean defict Mean defict Mean deficit Mean deficit
Def 8 Def 9 Def 10 Def 11
Value Std error Value Std error Value Std error Value Std error
Health Insurance Coverage
One or more members covered by:
Employer-provided plan 6382 123 6135 197 6173 200 6162 200
Medicare 7752 79 5782 186 5992 202 5988 201
Medicaid 9998 115 8966 131 9066 133 9063 133
No members covered by:
Employer-provided plan or Medicare
or Medicaid 6997 185 6815 204 6815 204 6806 204
Health insurance 7053 212 6850 228 6850 228 6841 228
Family received:
Medicare and Medicaid 10014 177 6952 267 7163 296 7159 296
07/17/98 13
Table 5. Mean Income Deficit of Families in Poverty, by Definition of Income and Selected Characteristics: 1997
After taxes
Definition 14
Definition 11 Definition 13 plus
plus plus other net imputed
means-tested Definition 12 means-tested return
government plus government on equity
cash transfers Medicaid noncash transfers in own home
Mean deficit Mean deficit Mean deficit Mean deficit
Def 12 Def 13 Def 14 Def 15
Value Std error Value Std error Value Std error Value Std error
All families 6555 90 6733 94 5565 89 5470 92
Race of householder
White 6219 107 6410 112 5527 109 5437 112
Black 7210 175 7354 181 5434 165 5360 169
API 7386 530 7612 559 6769 560 6415 568
Hispanic origin 6700 198 6926 206 5643 191 5588 195
Age of Householder
15 to 24 years 6484 224 6708 235 5348 225 5306 224
25 to 44 years 7096 126 7290 132 5848 126 5739 126
45 to 54 years 6520 288 6941 302 6030 294 6093 315
55 to 64 years 5559 240 5625 248 5223 254 4923 258
65 years and over 4595 207 4586 209 4271 204 3773 216
Type of Family
Married-couple families 5838 145 6027 152 5554 150 5432 157
With related children under 18 6422 202 6772 216 6114 215 6032 218
With related children under 6 6360 260 6787 285 6029 279 5963 276
Male householder, no wife present 6743 314 6921 319 6286 304 6036 309
Female householder, no husband present 7033 122 7198 126 5475 118 5418 121
With related children under 18 7352 130 7556 135 5693 128 5587 129
With related children under 6 7945 178 8176 186 6150 174 6066 175
07/17/98 14
Table 5. Mean Income Deficit of Families in Poverty, by Definition of Income and Selected Characteristics: 1997
After taxes
Definition 14
Definition 11 Definition 13 plus
plus plus other net imputed
means-tested Definition 12 means-tested return
government plus government on equity
cash transfers Medicaid noncash transfers in own home
Mean deficit Mean deficit Mean deficit Mean deficit
Def 12 Def 13 Def 14 Def 15
Value Std error Value Std error Value Std error Value Std error
Type of Residence
Inside metropolitan areas 6690 104 6872 108 5630 105 5558 108
Inside central cities 6604 136 6822 142 5327 136 5205 139
Outside central cities 6796 162 6933 167 5980 162 5991 167
Outside metropolitan areas 6151 219 6314 229 5369 207 5194 214
Region
Northeast 6903 177 7053 184 5449 177 5338 178
Midwest 6174 200 6482 211 5294 204 5288 213
South 6697 150 6863 155 5758 146 5605 150
West 6327 188 6440 197 5510 187 5466 195
Educational Attainment
Less than 12th grade, no diploma 6702 137 6862 142 5428 131 5390 135
High school graduate, no college 6526 152 6690 158 5554 151 5386 153
College: Less than bachelor's degree 6398 217 6667 227 5880 226 5758 234
Bachelor's degree or more 5959 435 6072 453 5799 468 5808 517
Work Experience in 1997
Total, 15 to 64 years 6765 96 6977 101 5728 97 5635 98
Worked at full-time jobs 5061 142 5257 152 4722 153 4588 156
50 to 52 weeks 4547 208 4788 224 4688 239 4554 244
Worked at part-time jobs 6516 202 6735 212 5459 203 5515 209
Did not work 8120 148 8286 151 6473 146 6349 147
07/17/98 15
Table 5. Mean Income Deficit of Families in Poverty, by Definition of Income and Selected Characteristics: 1997
After taxes
Definition 14
Definition 11 Definition 13 plus
plus plus other net imputed
means-tested Definition 12 means-tested return
government plus government on equity
cash transfers Medicaid noncash transfers in own home
Mean deficit Mean deficit Mean deficit Mean deficit
Def 12 Def 13 Def 14 Def 15
Value Std error Value Std error Value Std error Value Std error
Year-Round Full-Time Workers
No workers 7032 101 7169 104 5761 99 5683 101
Householder 15 to 64 years 7356 108 7530 112 5994 108 5903 109
Householder 65 years and over 4552 212 4542 214 4215 208 3779 223
One worker 4398 182 4634 196 4484 208 4410 215
Two workers or more 5969 722 6415 782 6495 802 5378 874
Program Participation Status of
Family Members
One or more members received:
Cash assistance 7019 140 7311 149 4864 127 4787 127
AFDC or other non-SSI 7479 157 7816 166 5068 144 5012 144
SSI 5146 210 5351 228 3871 206 3720 210
Food stamps 7111 126 7418 134 4965 113 4907 114
Housing assistance 7466 182 7745 194 4121 158 4121 158
Energy assistance 6507 235 6736 252 4369 188 4371 197
Free or reduced-price school lunches 7350 144 7632 151 5554 139 5409 138
Family received both food stamps and
cash assistance 7270 151 7599 161 4772 132 4728 133
07/17/98 16
Table 5. Mean Income Deficit of Families in Poverty, by Definition of Income and Selected Characteristics: 1997
After taxes
Definition 14
Definition 11 Definition 13 plus
plus plus other net imputed
means-tested Definition 12 means-tested return
government plus government on equity
cash transfers Medicaid noncash transfers in own home
Mean deficit Mean deficit Mean deficit Mean deficit
Def 12 Def 13 Def 14 Def 15
Value Std error Value Std error Value Std error Value Std error
Health Insurance Coverage
One or more members covered by:
Employer-provided plan 5852 198 5983 203 5628 207 5368 218
Medicare 5011 183 5042 185 4398 171 4175 189
Medicaid 6835 116 7192 123 5148 109 5042 110
No members covered by:
Employer-provided plan or Medicare
or Medicaid 6795 205 6795 205 6618 203 6530 206
Health insurance 6856 229 6856 229 6634 226 6422 227
Family received:
Medicare and Medicaid 5594 281 5685 288 4415 256 4161 282
07/17/98 17
Table 5. Mean Income Deficit of Families in Poverty, by Definition of Income and Selected Characteristics: 1997
Money
Definition 14 Income
less after taxes Money
medical not including Income
programs EITC after taxes
Mean deficit Mean deficit Mean deficit
Def 16 Def 17 Def 18
Value Std error Value Std error Value Std error
All families 5311 86 6482 80 6406 88
Race of householder
White 5259 105 6193 94 6046 104
Black 5217 159 7031 158 7135 172
API 6552 539 7819 479 7334 505
Hispanic origin 5286 183 6788 171 6497 190
Age of Householder
15 to 24 years 5051 217 6281 199 6373 222
25 to 44 years 5608 123 7023 109 6947 123
45 to 54 years 5712 282 6235 250 6402 275
55 to 64 years 4989 245 5627 229 5430 232
65 years and over 4070 195 4419 201 4395 199
Type of Family
Married-couple families 5236 142 6005 128 5692 138
With related children under 18 5714 202 6683 167 6374 193
With related children under 6 5527 256 6692 216 6355 249
Male householder, no wife present 6116 301 6083 278 6557 310
Female householder, no husband present 5260 115 6897 109 6912 120
With related children under 18 5470 125 7188 115 7232 128
With related children under 6 5925 169 7919 160 7861 176
07/17/98 18
Table 5. Mean Income Deficit of Families in Poverty, by Definition of Income and Selected Characteristics: 1997
Money
Definition 14 Income
less after taxes Money
medical not including Income
programs EITC after taxes
Mean deficit Mean deficit Mean deficit
Def 16 Def 17 Def 18
Value Std error Value Std error Value Std error
Type of Residence
Inside metropolitan areas 5369 101 6607 92 6519 101
Inside central cities 5062 130 6568 121 6476 132
Outside central cities 5729 158 6655 143 6572 156
Outside metropolitan areas 5135 200 6108 194 6063 214
Region
Northeast 5121 170 6725 158 6727 173
Midwest 5035 194 5992 174 6020 194
South 5548 143 6618 134 6541 147
West 5245 181 6451 165 6220 181
Educational Attainment
Less than 12th grade, no diploma 5162 126 6877 126 6585 134
High school graduate, no college 5298 147 6324 132 6367 148
College: Less than bachelor's degree 5617 220 6087 183 6229 209
Bachelor's degree or more 5707 452 5821 355 5734 398
Work Experience in 1997
Total, 15 to 64 years 5469 94 6680 85 6628 94
Worked at full-time jobs 4515 148 5351 116 4983 135
50 to 52 weeks 4460 229 4819 154 4547 194
Worked at part-time jobs 5295 198 6875 183 6532 201
Did not work 6138 142 7941 143 7947 146
07/17/98 19
Table 5. Mean Income Deficit of Families in Poverty, by Definition of Income and Selected Characteristics: 1997
Money
Definition 14 Income
less after taxes Money
medical not including Income
programs EITC after taxes
Mean deficit Mean deficit Mean deficit
Def 16 Def 17 Def 18
Value Std error Value Std error Value Std error
Year-Round Full-Time Workers
No workers 5517 96 7051 94 6891 99
Householder 15 to 64 years 5749 105 7389 101 7240 107
Householder 65 years and over 4014 199 4391 205 4351 203
One worker 4216 197 4820 141 4384 169
Two workers or more 6088 775 5154 552 6040 731
Program Participation Status of
Family Members
One or more members received:
Cash assistance 4545 120 6997 133 6920 138
AFDC or other non-SSI 4683 137 7540 148 7462 156
SSI 3705 190 4950 200 4952 204
Food stamps 4669 108 7191 117 7032 124
Housing assistance 3897 149 7255 167 7249 180
Energy assistance 4087 178 6617 221 6459 235
Free or reduced-price school lunches 5277 134 7355 127 7250 140
Family received both food stamps and
cash assistance 4460 126 7283 143 7181 150
07/17/98 20
Table 5. Mean Income Deficit of Families in Poverty, by Definition of Income and Selected Characteristics: 1997
Money
Definition 14 Income
less after taxes Money
medical not including Income
programs EITC after taxes
Mean deficit Mean deficit Mean deficit
Def 16 Def 17 Def 18
Value Std error Value Std error Value Std error
Health Insurance Coverage
One or more members covered by:
Employer-provided plan 5446 202 5611 151 5632 178
Medicare 4091 161 4633 167 4641 169
Medicaid 4791 104 6851 106 6726 114
No members covered by:
Employer-provided plan or Medicare
or Medicaid 6618 203 6864 180 6805 205
Health insurance 6634 226 6948 200 6865 229
Family received:
Medicare and Medicaid 4084 238 5088 255 5162 260
07/17/98 21
Table 5. Mean Income Deficit of Families in Poverty, by Definition of Income and Selected Characteristics: 1997
Defin 1 Defin 2 Defin 3 Defin 4 Defin 5 Defin 6 Defin 7 Defin 8 Defin 9
All families 7324 13075 13028 12616 13185 13248 12221 12325 7226
Race of householder
White 4990 9879 9841 9548 9952 9995 9265 9347 4838
Black 1985 2706 2700 2599 2729 2741 2494 2507 2018
API 244 348 348 333 351 356 331 340 269
Hispanic origin 1721 2143 2131 2046 2167 2184 1923 1931 1614
Age of Householder
15 to 24 years 952 1050 1044 1008 1072 1073 952 959 887
25 to 44 years 4186 4892 4879 4632 4948 4973 4254 4292 3862
45 to 54 years 849 1283 1277 1228 1305 1317 1185 1198 918
55 to 64 years 658 1298 1296 1266 1314 1329 1297 1319 749
65 years and over 678 4551 4532 4482 4547 4557 4533 4557 811
Type of Family
Married-couple families 2821 7141 7116 6882 7216 7246 6820 6895 2834
With related children under 18 1863 2370 2356 2217 2452 2469 2059 2094 1725
With related children under 6 1128 1312 1302 1222 1376 1382 1121 1148 1029
Male householder, no wife present 507 784 779 756 798 805 708 711 473
Female householder, no husband present 3995 5150 5133 4978 5171 5197 4693 4719 3919
With related children under 18 3614 4195 4184 4046 4192 4204 3738 3757 3444
With related children under 6 1979 2155 2149 2075 2153 2157 1962 1969 1875
07/17/98 22
Table 5. Mean Income Deficit of Families in Poverty, by Definition of Income and Selected Characteristics: 1997
Defin 1 Defin 2 Defin 3 Defin 4 Defin 5 Defin 6 Defin 7 Defin 8 Defin 9
Type of Residence
Inside metropolitan areas 5495 9646 9619 9298 9699 9746 9020 9094 5431
Inside central cities 3035 4667 4652 4496 4701 4721 4315 4345 3034
Outside central cities 2460 4979 4966 4802 4998 5026 4705 4750 2397
Outside metropolitan areas 1829 3429 3409 3318 3486 3502 3201 3231 1795
Region
Northeast 1319 2423 2417 2333 2419 2425 2278 2305 1350
Midwest 1323 2716 2710 2597 2722 2729 2531 2562 1311
South 2987 5219 5195 5066 5305 5336 4889 4926 2904
West 1696 2717 2707 2620 2739 2758 2522 2532 1662
Educational Attainment
Less than 12th grade, no diploma 3096 5414 5391 5296 5467 5490 5193 5220 3216
High school graduate, no college 2553 4571 4561 4402 4605 4629 4225 4268 2407
College: Less than bachelor's degree 1318 2278 2273 2168 2316 2330 2066 2089 1251
Bachelor's degree or more 357 811 803 750 798 800 737 748 353
Work Experience in 1997
Total, 15 to 64 years 6646 8523 8497 8134 8638 8692 7688 7769 6415
Worked at full-time jobs 2525 3021 3004 2734 3082 3109 2395 2447 2123
50 to 52 weeks 1279 1458 1449 1280 1520 1534 1061 1096 979
Worked at part-time jobs 1338 1596 1593 1560 1640 1647 1433 1440 1229
Did not work 2782 3905 3899 3840 3916 3936 3860 3882 3062
07/17/98 23
Table 5. Mean Income Deficit of Families in Poverty, by Definition of Income and Selected Characteristics: 1997
Defin 1 Defin 2 Defin 3 Defin 4 Defin 5 Defin 6 Defin 7 Defin 8 Defin 9
Year-Round Full-Time Workers
No workers 5694 11003 10974 10785 11020 11043 10588 10647 5884
Householder 15 to 64 years 5039 6587 6574 6426 6616 6632 6195 6232 5098
Householder 65 years and over 655 4416 4400 4359 4404 4411 4393 4415 787
One worker 1512 1942 1926 1717 2014 2048 1518 1561 1239
Two workers or more 118 129 128 115 151 158 114 117 103
Program Participation Status of
Family Members
One or more members received:
Cash assistance 2538 3538 3528 3472 3566 3571 3416 3422 3056
AFDC or other non-SSI 2003 2382 2375 2341 2393 2394 2290 2296 2199
SSI 795 1584 1581 1559 1608 1612 1550 1550 1257
Food stamps 3455 4119 4102 4022 4147 4159 3832 3851 3555
Housing assistance 1596 1920 1914 1882 1933 1940 1785 1786 1631
Energy assistance 924 1231 1227 1206 1232 1237 1150 1155 983
Free or reduced-price school lunches 3294 3936 3924 3781 3983 4002 3519 3543 3174
Family received both food stamps and
cash assistance 2173 2677 2668 2628 2692 2695 2579 2582 2454
07/17/98 24
Table 5. Mean Income Deficit of Families in Poverty, by Definition of Income and Selected Characteristics: 1997
Defin 1 Defin 2 Defin 3 Defin 4 Defin 5 Defin 6 Defin 7 Defin 8 Defin 9
Health Insurance Coverage
One or more members covered by:
Employer-provided plan 1735 3481 3470 3058 3284 3306 2877 2925 1343
Medicare 1178 5861 5837 5765 5861 5875 5815 5855 1438
Medicaid 4120 5584 5570 5455 5672 5692 5218 5251 4415
No members covered by:
Employer-provided plan or Medicare
or Medicaid 1582 1865 1856 1856 2009 2026 1747 1769 1476
Health insurance 1295 1484 1479 1479 1606 1621 1389 1405 1205
Family received:
Medicare and Medicaid 583 1467 1461 1447 1466 1467 1437 1438 821
07/17/98 25
Table 5. Mean Income Deficit of Families in Poverty, by Definition of Income and Selected Characteristics: 1997
Defin 10 Defin 11 Defin 12 Defin 13 Defin 14 Defin 15 Defin 16 Defin 17 Defin 18
All families 7013 7013 6396 6010 5280 4850 5628 7951 6799
Race of householder
White 4694 4694 4318 4045 3600 3264 3841 5416 4615
Black 1956 1956 1768 1673 1424 1344 1513 2156 1852
API 262 262 224 208 186 176 197 264 240
Hispanic origin 1581 1581 1480 1380 1198 1125 1301 1858 1579
Age of Householder
15 to 24 years 881 881 827 760 655 658 708 1051 864
25 to 44 years 3820 3820 3556 3338 2861 2760 3025 4566 3774
45 to 54 years 892 892 764 694 619 548 667 950 815
55 to 64 years 709 709 629 604 555 455 590 687 670
65 years and over 711 711 620 614 591 429 637 697 676
Type of Family
Married-couple families 2718 2718 2457 2291 2108 1825 2289 3181 2688
With related children under 18 1693 1693 1553 1400 1246 1135 1374 2150 1675
With related children under 6 1020 1020 942 822 727 679 829 1324 1013
Male householder, no wife present 447 447 425 407 383 367 396 567 450
Female householder, no husband present 3848 3848 3513 3311 2790 2657 2942 4203 3661
With related children under 18 3414 3414 3147 2948 2458 2387 2594 3796 3276
With related children under 6 1863 1863 1776 1654 1406 1384 1484 2064 1830
07/17/98 26
Table 5. Mean Income Deficit of Families in Poverty, by Definition of Income and Selected Characteristics: 1997
Defin 10 Defin 11 Defin 12 Defin 13 Defin 14 Defin 15 Defin 16 Defin 17 Defin 18
Type of Residence
Inside metropolitan areas 5276 5276 4792 4508 3972 3680 4235 5958 5107
Inside central cities 2947 2947 2654 2468 2128 2027 2287 3288 2814
Outside central cities 2329 2329 2138 2040 1844 1653 1948 2670 2293
Outside metropolitan areas 1736 1736 1603 1502 1309 1170 1393 1993 1692
Region
Northeast 1314 1314 1156 1078 911 860 991 1410 1232
Midwest 1275 1275 1158 1056 936 854 1013 1476 1242
South 2798 2798 2615 2491 2217 2036 2330 3231 2760
West 1626 1626 1467 1385 1216 1100 1294 1834 1565
Educational Attainment
Less than 12th grade, no diploma 3094 3094 2817 2652 2344 2155 2518 3278 2956
High school graduate, no college 2347 2347 2153 2030 1780 1649 1889 2788 2295
College: Less than bachelor's degree 1222 1222 1127 1043 891 824 944 1480 1206
Bachelor's degree or more 351 351 299 285 266 222 278 404 342
Work Experience in 1997
Total, 15 to 64 years 6301 6301 5776 5396 4690 4421 4991 7254 6123
Worked at full-time jobs 2108 2108 1948 1781 1473 1399 1567 2945 2149
50 to 52 weeks 973 973 908 823 700 653 748 1577 1033
Worked at part-time jobs 1214 1214 1167 1075 901 832 943 1423 1207
Did not work 2980 2980 2662 2539 2316 2190 2481 2886 2767
07/17/98 27
Table 5. Mean Income Deficit of Families in Poverty, by Definition of Income and Selected Characteristics: 1997
Defin 10 Defin 11 Defin 12 Defin 13 Defin 14 Defin 15 Defin 16 Defin 17 Defin 18
Year-Round Full-Time Workers
No workers 5684 5684 5180 4915 4345 3983 4610 5899 5411
Householder 15 to 64 years 4996 4996 4581 4322 3775 3569 3994 5234 4758
Householder 65 years and over 688 688 598 593 570 414 616 665 653
One worker 1225 1225 1120 1010 854 792 931 1883 1280
Two workers or more 103 103 96 85 81 75 88 169 108
Program Participation Status of
Family Members
One or more members received:
Cash assistance 2939 2939 2341 2100 1699 1628 1880 2613 2411
AFDC or other non-SSI 2168 2168 1865 1664 1306 1274 1462 2060 1891
SSI 1154 1154 724 634 540 489 599 826 775
Food stamps 3485 3485 3099 2796 2192 2104 2398 3602 3199
Housing assistance 1583 1583 1404 1257 890 890 979 1668 1474
Energy assistance 959 959 837 750 572 529 636 962 858
Free or reduced-price school lunches 3125 3125 2862 2639 2147 2066 2305 3537 2995
Family received both food stamps and
cash assistance 2399 2399 2013 1790 1411 1359 1562 2228 2063
07/17/98 28
Table 5. Mean Income Deficit of Families in Poverty, by Definition of Income and Selected Characteristics: 1997
Defin 10 Defin 11 Defin 12 Defin 13 Defin 14 Defin 15 Defin 16 Defin 17 Defin 18
Health Insurance Coverage
One or more members covered by:
Employer-provided plan 1311 1311 1229 1177 1067 962 1116 1988 1521
Medicare 1224 1224 1015 995 935 724 1040 1224 1161
Medicaid 4275 4275 3685 3299 2743 2620 3039 4369 3830
No members covered by:
Employer-provided plan or Medicare
or Medicaid 1476 1476 1465 1465 1360 1261 1360 1764 1465
Health insurance 1205 1205 1200 1200 1104 1046 1104 1453 1200
Family received:
Medicare and Medicaid 680 680 485 465 424 367 478 606 560
07/17/98 29
Table 5. Mean Income Deficit of Families in Poverty, by Definition of Income and Selected Characteristics: 1997
Definition 1 Definition 2 Definition 3 Definition 4
Mean agg Stderr agg Mean agg Stderr agg Mean agg Stderr agg Mean agg Stderr agg
All families 48352316 4.85814E11 1.0907E8 1.24221E12 1.0859E8 1.2369E12 1.0629E8 1.21336E12
Race of householder
White 31221736 3.04109E11 78095987 8.3644E11 77647023 8.31578E11 76050257 8.16398E11
Black 14460011 1.52014E11 26243420 3.4053E11 26242040 3.40338E11 25650519 3.33244E11
API 1920255 2.16232E10 3285440 4.62062E10 3280589 4.60576E10 3178822 4.48644E10
Hispanic origin 11748412 1.22754E11 19221349 2.45836E11 19098170 2.4465E11 18608414 2.4012E11
Age of Householder
15 to 24 years 6206834 5.78748E10 8704831 9.86052E10 8690656 9.84679E10 8475151 9.64038E10
25 to 44 years 29890377 3.15726E11 44569714 5.76514E11 44425558 5.74532E11 43070558 5.59924E11
45 to 54 years 5559040 5.90885E10 11478972 1.44943E11 11424409 1.44632E11 11094301 1.41409E11
55 to 64 years 3696835 3.14283E10 10756024 1.14974E11 10719834 1.14623E11 10526081 1.1284E11
65 years and over 2999230 2.1696E10 33558454 3.07171E11 33330774 3.04642E11 33128557 3.02786E11
Type of Family
Married-couple families 17349089 1.72896E11 54854891 5.76602E11 54488556 5.72209E11 53190282 5.58505E11
With related children under 18 12832445 1.39039E11 21237797 2.84452E11 21062011 2.81885E11 20123950 2.70948E11
With related children under 6 7859386 8.60205E10 11448221 1.55663E11 11346549 1.54292E11 10777943 1.46975E11
Male householder, no wife present 3198624 3.02211E10 6033948 6.52695E10 6018270 6.5095E10 5899148 6.35993E10
Female householder, no husband present 27804603 2.82697E11 48179155 6.00335E11 48084403 5.99593E11 47205218 5.91258E11
With related children under 18 26176110 2.71605E11 41031628 5.35066E11 40980416 5.34604E11 40168507 5.26701E11
With related children under 6 15781392 1.72524E11 23043489 3.21175E11 23025868 3.20945E11 22633867 3.17011E11
07/17/98 30
Table 5. Mean Income Deficit of Families in Poverty, by Definition of Income and Selected Characteristics: 1997
Definition 1 Definition 2 Definition 3 Definition 4
Mean agg Stderr agg Mean agg Stderr agg Mean agg Stderr agg Mean agg Stderr agg
Type of Residence
Inside metropolitan areas 37008401 3.7414E11 80493550 9.24464E11 80202639 9.20883E11 78437972 9.02757E11
Inside central cities 20287507 2.00814E11 40271366 4.7943E11 40186467 4.78215E11 39280641 4.68473E11
Outside central cities 16720895 1.73325E11 40222184 4.45033E11 40016171 4.42668E11 39157331 4.34284E11
Outside metropolitan areas 11343915 1.11674E11 28574444 3.17743E11 28388591 3.16013E11 27856676 3.10606E11
Region
Northeast 8901845 8.86777E10 20906537 2.41361E11 20881617 2.41027E11 20415113 2.36504E11
Midwest 8237840 7.81595E10 21441563 2.31577E11 21328096 2.30449E11 20773989 2.24795E11
South 20171750 2.11043E11 43847574 4.96337E11 43636875 4.94217E11 42950361 4.86949E11
West 11040881 1.07934E11 22872319 2.72931E11 22744643 2.71203E11 22155185 2.65115E11
Educational Attainment
Less than 12th grade, no diploma 21374557 2.1969E11 49578065 6.00826E11 49312222 5.98184E11 48606945 5.8965E11
High school graduate, no college 16429472 1.61921E11 36092965 3.94119E11 35996041 3.92781E11 35143405 3.84134E11
College: Less than bachelor's degree 8427601 8.3164E10 17751676 1.91254E11 17651562 1.90026E11 17140908 1.85562E11
Bachelor's degree or more 2120686 2.1039E10 5645288 5.60067E10 5631405 5.59057E10 5403390 5.40164E10
Work Experience in 1997
Total, 15 to 64 years 45353086 4.64118E11 75509540 9.35035E11 75260456 9.32255E11 73166091 9.10576E11
Worked at full-time jobs 13776021 1.19945E11 18500296 1.78899E11 18370331 1.77416E11 17050288 1.65278E11
50 to 52 weeks 6319981 5.34739E10 7504245 6.57507E10 7416461 6.47065E10 6630253 5.79098E10
Worked at part-time jobs 9155391 9.10837E10 12922341 1.47928E11 12866687 1.47536E11 12452574 1.4218E11
Did not work 22421674 2.53089E11 44086903 6.08208E11 44023438 6.07303E11 43663229 6.03119E11
07/17/98 31
Table 5. Mean Income Deficit of Families in Poverty, by Definition of Income and Selected Characteristics: 1997
Definition 1 Definition 2 Definition 3 Definition 4
Mean agg Stderr agg Mean agg Stderr agg Mean agg Stderr agg Mean agg Stderr agg
Year-Round Full-Time Workers
No workers 40168993 4.15714E11 98248014 1.14602E12 97907827 1.14231E12 96726036 1.12906E12
Householder 15 to 64 years 37308036 3.95053E11 65457168 8.45839E11 65322000 8.4431E11 64295913 8.32424E11
Householder 65 years and over 2860957 2.06607E10 32790846 3.00181E11 32585827 2.98003E11 32430123 2.9664E11
One worker 7495721 6.31996E10 9967406 8.61948E10 9828178 8.45512E10 8791380 7.55772E10
Two workers or more 687602 6900529072 852575 9991710281 855225 1.00317E10 777232 8720657756
Program Participation Status of
Family Members
One or more members received:
Cash assistance 17806119 1.76689E11 39865207 5.52261E11 39779123 5.51109E11 39423715 5.46594E11
AFDC or other non-SSI 15123119 1.54482E11 28391383 4.14294E11 28342539 4.13563E11 28126949 4.1053E11
SSI 3995996 3.15348E10 17140424 2.28132E11 17087383 2.27359E11 16932910 2.25671E11
Food stamps 24871321 2.53931E11 43568846 5.9302E11 43426819 5.91268E11 42880061 5.84097E11
Housing assistance 11687967 1.18647E11 19654308 2.53361E11 19621514 2.53082E11 19414254 2.50821E11
Energy assistance 6090973 5.9423E10 12586052 1.66844E11 12554807 1.66729E11 12412433 1.64655E11
Free or reduced-price school lunches 24518593 2.66147E11 40555974 5.68934E11 40433212 5.67259E11 39517743 5.57011E11
Family received both food stamps and
cash assistance 15843361 1.59617E11 31652530 4.55255E11 31571499 4.54122E11 31340910 4.5088E11
07/17/98 32
Table 5. Mean Income Deficit of Families in Poverty, by Definition of Income and Selected Characteristics: 1997
Definition 1 Definition 2 Definition 3 Definition 4
Mean agg Stderr agg Mean agg Stderr agg Mean agg Stderr agg Mean agg Stderr agg
Health Insurance Coverage
One or more members covered by:
Employer-provided plan 10021739 9.42627E10 22317104 2.14323E11 22217431 2.13E11 19920849 1.89465E11
Medicare 5532107 4.39618E10 45944244 4.56634E11 45671955 4.53427E11 45318189 4.50158E11
Medicaid 28543845 2.86989E11 56442324 7.3906E11 56269807 7.37052E11 55514685 7.28192E11
No members covered by:
Employer-provided plan or Medicare
or Medicaid 11122717 1.19759E11 13662380 1.48061E11 13576008 1.47037E11 13576008 1.47037E11
Health insurance 9284845 1.00864E11 11043082 1.21672E11 10973172 1.20892E11 10973172 1.20892E11
Family received:
Medicare and Medicaid 3012554 2.5851E10 14703156 1.77986E11 14631327 1.76879E11 14541526 1.75926E11
07/17/98 33
Table 5. Mean Income Deficit of Families in Poverty, by Definition of Income and Selected Characteristics: 1997
Definition 5 Definition 6 Definition 7 Definition 8
Mean agg Stderr agg Mean agg Stderr agg Mean agg Stderr agg Mean agg Stderr agg
All families 1.1006E8 1.25095E12 1.1031E8 1.25247E12 1.0129E8 1.15373E12 1.0158E8 1.15553E12
Race of householder
White 78797548 8.42872E11 78967367 8.4386E11 72653235 7.77094E11 72869157 7.78434E11
Black 26479178 3.42028E11 26543364 3.42437E11 24253726 3.15958E11 24309428 3.16359E11
API 3320133 4.6701E10 3332646 4.6799E10 3021885 4.25958E10 3033893 4.26414E10
Hispanic origin 19590345 2.50094E11 19658941 2.5052E11 17186944 2.22953E11 17213192 2.23105E11
Age of Householder
15 to 24 years 8869761 1.00047E11 8884793 1.00128E11 7718768 8.79951E10 7739793 8.81194E10
25 to 44 years 45305083 5.83336E11 45386870 5.8397E11 39118492 5.14898E11 39230351 5.157E11
45 to 54 years 11599587 1.46243E11 11643740 1.46468E11 10695139 1.36614E11 10729383 1.36815E11
55 to 64 years 10824045 1.1552E11 10866917 1.15742E11 10537203 1.12203E11 10580893 1.12426E11
65 years and over 33456570 3.05806E11 33524416 3.06163E11 33220550 3.02015E11 33295383 3.02466E11
Type of Family
Married-couple families 55283964 5.79504E11 55387693 5.80189E11 51130841 5.30643E11 51315211 5.31733E11
With related children under 18 21793789 2.89067E11 21852049 2.89532E11 17791654 2.41669E11 17898071 2.42356E11
With related children under 6 11820000 1.58543E11 11836178 1.58654E11 9262179 1.27431E11 9325624 1.27822E11
Male householder, no wife present 6169346 6.58151E10 6205512 6.60233E10 5649131 6.10332E10 5673086 6.12118E10
Female householder, no husband present 48601736 6.05633E11 48713531 6.06259E11 44510180 5.62049E11 44587506 5.62581E11
With related children under 18 41396286 5.39892E11 41464737 5.40353E11 37415033 4.97282E11 37469607 4.97685E11
With related children under 6 23219672 3.2396E11 23245260 3.24172E11 21153892 2.99751E11 21178149 2.9996E11
07/17/98 34
Table 5. Mean Income Deficit of Families in Poverty, by Definition of Income and Selected Characteristics: 1997
Definition 5 Definition 6 Definition 7 Definition 8
Mean agg Stderr agg Mean agg Stderr agg Mean agg Stderr agg Mean agg Stderr agg
Type of Residence
Inside metropolitan areas 81219494 9.31212E11 81427557 9.32422E11 74610058 8.56349E11 74807026 8.57601E11
Inside central cities 40770385 4.83323E11 40874074 4.83894E11 37072697 4.43345E11 37158240 4.43882E11
Outside central cities 40449108 4.4789E11 40553484 4.48527E11 37537361 4.13004E11 37648786 4.13719E11
Outside metropolitan areas 28835553 3.1974E11 28879179 3.2005E11 26680094 2.97376E11 26768777 2.97926E11
Region
Northeast 20973210 2.41692E11 21025246 2.42034E11 19698558 2.2819E11 19789011 2.28861E11
Midwest 21429059 2.31302E11 21473944 2.31589E11 19930019 2.15504E11 20009974 2.15984E11
South 44517461 5.02798E11 44604805 5.03348E11 40795854 4.60859E11 40885241 4.61403E11
West 23135316 2.7516E11 23202742 2.755E11 20865721 2.49172E11 20891576 2.49278E11
Educational Attainment
Less than 12th grade, no diploma 50072216 6.05809E11 50196203 6.06563E11 46742985 5.64212E11 46846676 5.64917E11
High school graduate, no college 36462161 3.96862E11 36544719 3.9733E11 33222526 3.62668E11 33339030 3.63384E11
College: Less than bachelor's degree 17886090 1.92209E11 17922342 1.92446E11 16105589 1.7452E11 16144734 1.74767E11
Bachelor's degree or more 5634579 5.60734E10 5643473 5.61319E10 5219053 5.23241E10 5245363 5.24578E10
Work Experience in 1997
Total, 15 to 64 years 76598476 9.45146E11 76782321 9.46308E11 68069602 8.5171E11 68280420 8.53061E11
Worked at full-time jobs 19095694 1.84361E11 19157770 1.84755E11 13766021 1.30832E11 13877080 1.31489E11
50 to 52 weeks 7873993 6.83123E10 7898569 6.84265E10 5000628 4.3263E10 5057780 4.35339E10
Worked at part-time jobs 13228523 1.50694E11 13248527 1.50872E11 11060482 1.24772E11 11092778 1.24987E11
Did not work 44274259 6.10092E11 44376024 6.10681E11 43243100 5.96106E11 43310562 5.96584E11
07/17/98 35
Table 5. Mean Income Deficit of Families in Poverty, by Definition of Income and Selected Characteristics: 1997
Definition 5 Definition 6 Definition 7 Definition 8
Mean agg Stderr agg Mean agg Stderr agg Mean agg Stderr agg Mean agg Stderr agg
Year-Round Full-Time Workers
No workers 98688257 1.15159E12 98792230 1.15229E12 93628859 1.08792E12 93803896 1.08913E12
Householder 15 to 64 years 66018449 8.52666E11 66083953 8.53169E11 61127208 7.91789E11 61238789 7.92618E11
Householder 65 years and over 32669809 2.98922E11 32708277 2.9912E11 32501651 2.96126E11 32565107 2.96509E11
One worker 10435824 8.92639E10 10556864 8.99245E10 6920013 5.73041E10 7025393 5.78517E10
Two workers or more 930965 1.01012E10 957642 1.02572E10 741280 8505809603 746513 8547980436
Program Participation Status of
Family Members
One or more members received:
Cash assistance 40215813 5.57424E11 40281522 5.57868E11 37975266 5.24063E11 38027644 5.24472E11
AFDC or other non-SSI 28690819 4.18733E11 28727558 4.19012E11 26848278 3.90971E11 26876850 3.91222E11
SSI 17236700 2.29429E11 17279350 2.29722E11 16690242 2.21512E11 16720608 2.21753E11
Food stamps 44124240 6.00177E11 44189033 6.00705E11 40266110 5.49352E11 40338208 5.49963E11
Housing assistance 19899915 2.56597E11 19920998 2.56733E11 18357327 2.3719E11 18379267 2.37368E11
Energy assistance 12745756 1.68769E11 12767058 1.68997E11 11791555 1.5622E11 11826128 1.5657E11
Free or reduced-price school lunches 41170541 5.76434E11 41238985 5.76958E11 36411779 5.18033E11 36497304 5.18606E11
Family received both food stamps and
cash assistance 31922315 4.59416E11 31962520 4.59714E11 30063632 4.30721E11 30096957 4.31007E11
07/17/98 36
Table 5. Mean Income Deficit of Families in Poverty, by Definition of Income and Selected Characteristics: 1997
Definition 5 Definition 6 Definition 7 Definition 8
Mean agg Stderr agg Mean agg Stderr agg Mean agg Stderr agg Mean agg Stderr agg
Health Insurance Coverage
One or more members covered by:
Employer-provided plan 20954458 1.9792E11 21029029 1.98353E11 18573418 1.76772E11 18670097 1.77326E11
Medicare 45948384 4.56253E11 46052198 4.56866E11 45276630 4.46976E11 45385258 4.47631E11
Medicaid 57278357 7.49203E11 57382846 7.49986E11 52390519 6.87679E11 52497574 6.88504E11
No members covered by:
Employer-provided plan or Medicare
or Medicaid 14667342 1.5675E11 14721418 1.57102E11 12312114 1.34161E11 12375898 1.3455E11
Health insurance 11866974 1.28958E11 11915106 1.2929E11 9858085 1.09225E11 9909696 1.09551E11
Family received:
Medicare and Medicaid 14785515 1.7908E11 14823349 1.79424E11 14378825 1.72988E11 14402511 1.73202E11
07/17/98 37
Table 5. Mean Income Deficit of Families in Poverty, by Definition of Income and Selected Characteristics: 1997
Definition 9 Definition 10 Definition 11 Definition 12
Mean agg Stderr agg Mean agg Stderr agg Mean agg Stderr agg Mean agg Stderr agg
All families 56736278 6.77774E11 55758449 6.69061E11 55717847 6.68459E11 41920779 4.2308E11
Race of householder
White 35898051 4.11018E11 35302130 4.05883E11 35271678 4.05412E11 26852999 2.62886E11
Black 17399456 2.19547E11 17115119 2.17174E11 17106608 2.17064E11 12743481 1.34404E11
API 2491284 3.44622E10 2413855 3.34534E10 2412300 3.34339E10 1654542 1.85053E10
Hispanic origin 13217195 1.69664E11 13069159 1.68063E11 13061997 1.67941E11 9913142 1.04506E11
Age of Householder
15 to 24 years 7005224 7.78921E10 6984911 7.77466E10 6983483 7.77266E10 5363131 5.00864E10
25 to 44 years 33371625 4.27832E11 33109697 4.25211E11 33077365 4.24723E11 25232174 2.68925E11
45 to 54 years 7294170 9.01135E10 7192171 8.91332E10 7188518 8.90726E10 4981966 5.40179E10
55 to 64 years 5014830 4.98481E10 4812715 4.80344E10 4811765 4.80227E10 3497069 2.96337E10
65 years and over 4050430 3.2088E10 3658955 2.89363E10 3656717 2.89143E10 2846439 2.04174E10
Type of Family
Married-couple families 18783029 2.09958E11 18243022 2.04886E11 18225059 2.0461E11 14346721 1.40567E11
With related children under 18 12977355 1.63745E11 12741461 1.61199E11 12723498 1.60923E11 9975965 1.07918E11
With related children under 6 7602299 9.65153E10 7483082 9.50004E10 7476373 9.49056E10 5988481 6.48215E10
Male householder, no wife present 3405560 3.54452E10 3347778 3.52157E10 3343080 3.51413E10 2865228 2.72375E10
Female householder, no husband present 34547689 4.3237E11 34167648 4.2896E11 34149707 4.28708E11 24708830 2.55276E11
With related children under 18 31910814 4.10436E11 31652852 4.07965E11 31635224 4.07714E11 23133564 2.44412E11
With related children under 6 18981617 2.59242E11 18887920 2.58218E11 18880169 2.58092E11 14110213 1.56628E11
07/17/98 38
Table 5. Mean Income Deficit of Families in Poverty, by Definition of Income and Selected Characteristics: 1997
Definition 9 Definition 10 Definition 11 Definition 12
Mean agg Stderr agg Mean agg Stderr agg Mean agg Stderr agg Mean agg Stderr agg
Type of Residence
Inside metropolitan areas 43651826 5.29216E11 42867498 5.21857E11 42837721 5.21435E11 32059220 3.25821E11
Inside central cities 24667864 3.00275E11 24216887 2.96077E11 24201672 2.95879E11 17526033 1.73845E11
Outside central cities 18983962 2.28941E11 18650611 2.25779E11 18636049 2.25556E11 14533187 1.51977E11
Outside metropolitan areas 13084452 1.48558E11 12890951 1.47205E11 12880126 1.47024E11 9861559 9.7259E10
Region
Northeast 11753817 1.49012E11 11579591 1.47005E11 11573851 1.46921E11 7976697 8.01934E10
Midwest 10046617 1.1699E11 9887697 1.15786E11 9878523 1.15677E11 7149855 6.86099E10
South 21654040 2.47759E11 21294976 2.44965E11 21280489 2.44699E11 17513087 1.83459E11
West 13281803 1.64013E11 12996185 1.61305E11 12984985 1.61163E11 9281140 9.08179E10
Educational Attainment
Less than 12th grade, no diploma 26798886 3.38478E11 26297312 3.34021E11 26285471 3.33856E11 18877237 1.9273E11
High school graduate, no college 18444697 2.12124E11 18191983 2.10003E11 18176190 2.09771E11 14053226 1.39506E11
College: Less than bachelor's degree 9159768 1.02619E11 9063348 1.02003E11 9054407 1.01878E11 7210701 7.27032E10
Bachelor's degree or more 2332928 2.45525E10 2205806 2.30348E10 2201779 2.29546E10 1779615 1.81417E10
Work Experience in 1997
Total, 15 to 64 years 52685849 6.45686E11 52099493 6.40125E11 52061130 6.39545E11 39074340 4.02663E11
Worked at full-time jobs 11877887 1.10632E11 11801530 1.10196E11 11783876 1.09989E11 9858437 8.39547E10
50 to 52 weeks 4574243 3.95685E10 4551712 3.94677E10 4539061 3.93321E10 4126782 3.46129E10
Worked at part-time jobs 9377558 1.05203E11 9336143 1.05032E11 9328826 1.04919E11 7603324 7.41972E10
Did not work 31430404 4.2985E11 30961820 4.24897E11 30948428 4.24637E11 21612578 2.44511E11
07/17/98 39
Table 5. Mean Income Deficit of Families in Poverty, by Definition of Income and Selected Characteristics: 1997
Definition 9 Definition 10 Definition 11 Definition 12
Mean agg Stderr agg Mean agg Stderr agg Mean agg Stderr agg Mean agg Stderr agg
Year-Round Full-Time Workers
No workers 50490629 6.23486E11 49560488 6.15153E11 49536433 6.14751E11 36422192 3.77291E11
Householder 15 to 64 years 46587589 5.9259E11 46042254 5.87265E11 46019772 5.86878E11 33697855 3.57746E11
Householder 65 years and over 3903040 3.08958E10 3518234 2.78883E10 3516661 2.7873E10 2724336 1.95451E10
One worker 5563966 4.67736E10 5525975 4.6519E10 5511497 4.63573E10 4925779 4.02295E10
Two workers or more 681683 7513770673 671987 7389276280 669917 7351105521 572808 5559839204
Program Participation Status of
Family Members
One or more members received:
Cash assistance 30873160 4.14695E11 30063202 4.06673E11 30058247 4.0659E11 16433941 1.63132E11
AFDC or other non-SSI 24011096 3.39079E11 23726321 3.3579E11 23722666 3.35732E11 13951176 1.42519E11
SSI 11421115 1.44132E11 10698594 1.36778E11 10696311 1.36735E11 3727081 2.9454E10
Food stamps 33542862 4.38667E11 33042247 4.33493E11 33034954 4.33382E11 22039112 2.24414E11
Housing assistance 15371351 1.95146E11 15121803 1.92953E11 15119440 1.92906E11 10483214 1.07318E11
Energy assistance 8925219 1.15584E11 8783814 1.14148E11 8783491 1.14144E11 5446199 5.27077E10
Free or reduced-price school lunches 29682174 4.03488E11 29341631 3.99802E11 29337945 3.99711E11 21038063 2.30258E11
Family received both food stamps and
cash assistance 26081218 3.61183E11 25629321 3.56311E11 25626149 3.5626E11 14630307 1.47292E11
07/17/98 40
Table 5. Mean Income Deficit of Families in Poverty, by Definition of Income and Selected Characteristics: 1997
Definition 9 Definition 10 Definition 11 Definition 12
Mean agg Stderr agg Mean agg Stderr agg Mean agg Stderr agg Mean agg Stderr agg
Health Insurance Coverage
One or more members covered by:
Employer-provided plan 8238100 8.173E10 8089812 8.04688E10 8075186 8.02673E10 7190518 6.84034E10
Medicare 8314409 7.98118E10 7336579 7.10996E10 7331210 7.10253E10 5083280 4.07667E10
Medicaid 39586890 5.04076E11 38755363 4.95987E11 38743246 4.958E11 25184374 2.52963E11
No members covered by:
Employer-provided plan or Medicare
or Medicaid 10056363 1.08803E11 10056363 1.08803E11 10042232 1.08577E11 9956687 1.07825E11
Health insurance 8251694 9.0176E10 8251694 9.0176E10 8240519 9.0012E10 8227660 8.99567E10
Family received:
Medicare and Medicaid 5705300 6.11382E10 4873774 5.30495E10 4870898 5.29996E10 2710695 2.34057E10
07/17/98 41
Table 5. Mean Income Deficit of Families in Poverty, by Definition of Income and Selected Characteristics: 1997
Definition 13 Definition 14 Definition 15 Definition 16
Mean agg Stderr agg Mean agg Stderr agg Mean agg Stderr agg Mean agg Stderr agg
All families 40461368 4.14152E11 29386651 2.62789E11 26528031 2.33745E11 29889305 2.64093E11
Race of householder
White 25930759 2.57647E11 19893437 1.78081E11 17744943 1.55832E11 20201326 1.78795E11
Black 12303001 1.31348E11 7737071 6.65398E10 7203883 6.17208E10 7893562 6.70295E10
API 1579996 1.80185E10 1260188 1.33821E10 1131556 1.17325E10 1290029 1.34674E10
Hispanic origin 9554873 1.02179E11 6758788 6.14707E10 6289186 5.65331E10 6879288 6.17114E10
Age of Householder
15 to 24 years 5095562 4.83491E10 3500632 2.84109E10 3492129 2.8256E10 3577113 2.86022E10
25 to 44 years 24333055 2.63406E11 16730733 1.55867E11 15841202 1.44743E11 16962193 1.56427E11
45 to 54 years 4819165 5.3054E10 3735328 3.73224E10 3337089 3.36288E10 3811534 3.75383E10
55 to 64 years 3397459 2.90738E10 2896663 2.39447E10 2240292 1.71824E10 2944450 2.4047E10
65 years and over 2816127 2.02689E10 2523295 1.72442E10 1617319 9935018645 2594015 1.74779E10
Type of Family
Married-couple families 13809888 1.37597E11 11708198 1.094E11 9915722 9.05229E10 11987007 1.1019E11
With related children under 18 9478381 1.05088E11 7619559 7.85617E10 6843319 6.86177E10 7849465 7.9241E10
With related children under 6 5581800 6.2381E10 4384513 4.47496E10 4046988 3.97833E10 4580837 4.53457E10
Male householder, no wife present 2819787 2.70311E10 2406182 2.1145E10 2216061 1.91101E10 2424753 2.11788E10
Female householder, no husband present 23831693 2.49524E11 15272272 1.32244E11 14396248 1.24112E11 15477545 1.32724E11
With related children under 18 22279161 2.38751E11 13995683 1.23788E11 13338814 1.16963E11 14186955 1.24249E11
With related children under 6 13525840 1.52667E11 8648983 7.98828E10 8396181 7.72216E10 8792996 8.02688E10
07/17/98 42
Table 5. Mean Income Deficit of Families in Poverty, by Definition of Income and Selected Characteristics: 1997
Definition 13 Definition 14 Definition 15 Definition 16
Mean agg Stderr agg Mean agg Stderr agg Mean agg Stderr agg Mean agg Stderr agg
Type of Residence
Inside metropolitan areas 30979975 3.19128E11 22360674 2.03296E11 20452848 1.83615E11 22735547 2.0432E11
Inside central cities 16838802 1.69394E11 11332844 9.74192E10 10551492 9.02739E10 11575617 9.80874E10
Outside central cities 14141173 1.49734E11 11027831 1.05876E11 9901357 9.33409E10 11159930 1.06233E11
Outside metropolitan areas 9481393 9.50245E10 7025977 5.94939E10 6075183 5.01307E10 7153758 5.97722E10
Region
Northeast 7602474 7.73367E10 4963418 4.27666E10 4590757 3.85832E10 5076745 4.30572E10
Midwest 6845723 6.68947E10 4956979 4.28496E10 4515598 3.88729E10 5098797 4.32802E10
South 17094760 1.81256E11 12764034 1.18563E11 11409492 1.04147E11 12925301 1.18982E11
West 8918411 8.86651E10 6702221 5.86106E10 6012185 5.21425E10 6788462 5.87732E10
Educational Attainment
Less than 12th grade, no diploma 18197467 1.88245E11 12721269 1.10881E11 11613034 1.00507E11 12996268 1.11614E11
High school graduate, no college 13582016 1.36713E11 9884252 8.70935E10 8880809 7.60243E10 10004369 8.73113E10
College: Less than bachelor's degree 6950995 7.1262E10 5236494 4.89243E10 4746729 4.38822E10 5302546 4.90854E10
Bachelor's degree or more 1730889 1.79329E10 1544636 1.58904E10 1287459 1.3332E10 1586122 1.60815E10
Work Experience in 1997
Total, 15 to 64 years 37645241 3.93883E11 26863356 2.45545E11 24910712 2.2381E11 27295290 2.46615E11
Worked at full-time jobs 9362343 8.1693E10 6953326 5.55338E10 6420614 5.07713E10 7074061 5.58248E10
50 to 52 weeks 3938660 3.39439E10 3279690 2.78055E10 2972024 2.48145E10 3336364 2.79391E10
Worked at part-time jobs 7240801 7.19782E10 4916360 4.17591E10 4587075 3.88227E10 4993802 4.19504E10
Did not work 21042097 2.40212E11 14993670 1.48252E11 13903023 1.34216E11 15227427 1.48839E11
07/17/98 43
Table 5. Mean Income Deficit of Families in Poverty, by Definition of Income and Selected Characteristics: 1997
Definition 13 Definition 14 Definition 15 Definition 16
Mean agg Stderr agg Mean agg Stderr agg Mean agg Stderr agg Mean agg Stderr agg
Year-Round Full-Time Workers
No workers 35237023 3.69456E11 25030826 2.26189E11 22631902 2.01333E11 25432782 2.27259E11
Householder 15 to 64 years 32542999 3.5006E11 22629633 2.09817E11 21068704 1.91646E11 22961368 2.10654E11
Householder 65 years and over 2694024 1.93967E10 2401193 1.63719E10 1563198 9686535283 2471415 1.66051E10
One worker 4679086 3.92269E10 3830313 3.13087E10 3491874 2.83159E10 3922963 3.15265E10
Two workers or more 545258 5469211883 525512 5291725917 404256 4096480670 533560 5306723725
Program Participation Status of
Family Members
One or more members received:
Cash assistance 15354708 1.55939E11 8261774 6.08829E10 7792163 5.64639E10 8542742 6.16247E10
AFDC or other non-SSI 13006816 1.35832E11 6620817 4.94015E10 6385331 4.69899E10 6845535 4.99796E10
SSI 3394819 2.75034E10 2088596 1.35776E10 1819213 1.14518E10 2218462 1.39784E10
Food stamps 20740073 2.15995E11 10884869 8.14365E10 10326700 7.6431E10 11194354 8.22476E10
Housing assistance 9737523 1.02047E11 3667551 2.392E10 3667551 2.392E10 3815357 2.43075E10
Energy assistance 5050309 4.99079E10 2500189 1.6109E10 2313799 1.49638E10 2600713 1.6362E10
Free or reduced-price school lunches 20140640 2.24253E11 11927354 1.05823E11 11173873 9.68827E10 12162174 1.06484E11
Family received both food stamps and
cash assistance 13601905 1.40286E11 6730880 4.76889E10 6422812 4.48305E10 6965692 4.83085E10
07/17/98 44
Table 5. Mean Income Deficit of Families in Poverty, by Definition of Income and Selected Characteristics: 1997
Definition 13 Definition 14 Definition 15 Definition 16
Mean agg Stderr agg Mean agg Stderr agg Mean agg Stderr agg Mean agg Stderr agg
Health Insurance Coverage
One or more members covered by:
Employer-provided plan 7044200 6.7709E10 6007661 5.55698E10 5166037 4.73046E10 6076540 5.57618E10
Medicare 5014263 4.03518E10 4110186 2.94699E10 3022617 2.0998E10 4254894 2.98676E10
Medicaid 23724963 2.44035E11 14120775 1.12779E11 13211858 1.0354E11 14561074 1.13938E11
No members covered by:
Employer-provided plan or Medicare
or Medicaid 9956687 1.07825E11 8998756 9.36566E10 8231254 8.3957E10 8998756 9.36566E10
Health insurance 8227660 8.99567E10 7326394 7.64807E10 6714549 6.81242E10 7326394 7.64807E10
Family received:
Medicare and Medicaid 2641678 2.29908E10 1870011 1.34943E10 1528925 1.11462E10 1952363 1.37485E10
07/17/98 45
Table 5. Mean Income Deficit of Families in Poverty, by Definition of Income and Selected Characteristics: 1997
Definition 17 Definition 18
Mean agg Stderr agg Mean agg Stderr agg Bcell
All families 51536077 5.13672E11 43554582 4.37097E11 2243
Race of householder
White 33541429 3.23795E11 27903440 2.70934E11 2243
Black 15159907 1.58285E11 13213541 1.39405E11 2243
API 2066476 2.32948E10 1757175 1.94203E10 2243
Hispanic origin 12613198 1.3073E11 10255137 1.06891E11 2243
Age of Householder
15 to 24 years 6602136 6.08796E10 5504218 5.14455E10 2243
25 to 44 years 32065419 3.35543E11 26219379 2.78149E11 2243
45 to 54 years 5926477 6.21227E10 5219625 5.58174E10 2243
55 to 64 years 3863855 3.27891E10 3639811 3.05626E10 2243
65 years and over 3078189 2.23375E10 2971549 2.11225E10 2243
Type of Family
Married-couple families 19100221 1.88854E11 15300139 1.48704E11 2243
With related children under 18 14370087 1.53853E11 10674964 1.14665E11 2243
With related children under 6 8862615 9.56962E10 6436685 6.93579E10 2243
Male householder, no wife present 3447012 3.20185E10 2953529 2.80629E10 2243
Female householder, no husband present 28988844 2.928E11 25300914 2.60329E11 2243
With related children under 18 27288136 2.81291E11 23689932 2.49346E11 2243
With related children under 6 16345739 1.7802E11 14387386 1.5923E11 2243
07/17/98 46
Table 5. Mean Income Deficit of Families in Poverty, by Definition of Income and Selected Characteristics: 1997
Definition 17 Definition 18
Mean agg Stderr agg Mean agg Stderr agg Bcell
Type of Residence
Inside metropolitan areas 39364118 3.95102E11 33292266 3.35963E11 2243
Inside central cities 21595675 2.12272E11 18225522 1.80012E11 2243
Outside central cities 17768443 1.8283E11 15066744 1.55951E11 2243
Outside metropolitan areas 12171959 1.18571E11 10262316 1.01134E11 3365
Region
Northeast 9480240 9.35763E10 8284934 8.304E10 1660
Midwest 8843450 8.31171E10 7475705 7.1465E10 2198
South 21382552 2.22059E11 18056659 1.88399E11 2333
West 11829835 1.1492E11 9737284 9.41932E10 2378
Educational Attainment
Less than 12th grade, no diploma 22543772 2.31203E11 19464812 1.97907E11 2243
High school graduate, no college 17631512 1.72091E11 14615159 1.44473E11 2243
College: Less than bachelor's degree 9009770 8.75235E10 7515254 7.52532E10 2243
Bachelor's degree or more 2351023 2.28546E10 1959357 1.94634E10 2243
Work Experience in 1997
Total, 15 to 64 years 48457887 4.91335E11 40583033 4.15974E11 2243
Worked at full-time jobs 15758010 1.36071E11 10709939 9.10811E10 2243
50 to 52 weeks 7600430 6.29998E10 4695818 3.92569E10 2243
Worked at part-time jobs 9783622 9.75568E10 7882384 7.77056E10 2243
Did not work 22916255 2.57707E11 21990710 2.47188E11 2243
07/17/98 47
Table 5. Mean Income Deficit of Families in Poverty, by Definition of Income and Selected Characteristics: 1997
Definition 17 Definition 18
Mean agg Stderr agg Mean agg Stderr agg Bcell
Year-Round Full-Time Workers
No workers 41589372 4.30207E11 37290133 3.84887E11 2243
Householder 15 to 64 years 38669807 4.09086E11 34448616 3.64699E11 2243
Householder 65 years and over 2919565 2.11209E10 2841517 2.01883E10 2243
One worker 9077764 7.5121E10 5612750 4.54966E10 2243
Two workers or more 868941 8344398625 651699 6712924062 2243
Program Participation Status of
Family Members
One or more members received:
Cash assistance 18284042 1.81644E11 16682856 1.65047E11 2243
AFDC or other non-SSI 15529109 1.58745E11 14113769 1.43918E11 2243
SSI 4087799 3.23869E10 3839653 3.02089E10 2243
Food stamps 25906060 2.64909E11 22491974 2.28783E11 2243
Housing assistance 12104482 1.22627E11 10682916 1.08858E11 2243
Energy assistance 6367588 6.23199E10 5542320 5.40028E10 2243
Free or reduced-price school lunches 26014859 2.81008E11 21710578 2.36215E11 2243
Family received both food stamps and
cash assistance 16228343 1.63767E11 14811893 1.48773E11 2243
07/17/98 48
Table 5. Mean Income Deficit of Families in Poverty, by Definition of Income and Selected Characteristics: 1997
Definition 17 Definition 18
Mean agg Stderr agg Mean agg Stderr agg Bcell
Health Insurance Coverage
One or more members covered by:
Employer-provided plan 11156245 1.03031E11 8564897 8.09634E10 2243
Medicare 5672067 4.48995E10 5388804 4.22539E10 2243
Medicaid 29929096 3.00932E11 25761909 2.57997E11 2243
No members covered by:
Employer-provided plan or Medicare
or Medicaid 12108862 1.27975E11 9970818 1.08051E11 2243
Health insurance 10093451 1.0782E11 8238835 9.01207E10 2243
Family received:
Medicare and Medicaid 3081947 2.63182E10 2889703 2.43838E10 2243