07/17/98 1
Table 4. Percent of Unrelated Individuals in Poverty, by Definition of Income and Selected Characteristics: 1997 (All Races)
Before taxes
Definition 3
Money income-- plus
Excluding health
capital Definition 1 Definition 2 insurance
gains less plus supplements to
(current government capital wage or salary
Total measure) transfers gains income
(thous.) Def 1 Def 2 Def 3 Def 4
BELOW POVERTY LEVEL
All Races
Total 41672 20.8 35.9 35.8 35.5
Age
15 to 24 years 5435 38.3 41.1 40.9 40.3
25 to 44 years 15507 14.8 16.9 16.8 16.5
45 to 54 years 5866 17.9 22.7 22.8 22.3
55 to 64 years 4229 24.1 36.4 36.2 35.8
65 years and over 10634 21.0 68.2 68.0 67.8
Type of Residence
Inside metropolitan areas 34315 19.7 33.7 33.6 33.2
Inside central cities 16164 22.9 35.5 35.4 34.9
Outside central cities 18151 16.8 32.1 31.9 31.6
Outside metropolitan areas 7356 26.3 46.4 46.3 46.1
Region
Northeast 8259 20.2 38.2 38.2 37.6
Midwest 9636 19.0 35.6 35.5 35.2
South 14124 22.3 36.6 36.5 36.4
West 9653 21.1 33.2 33.0 32.6
07/17/98 2
Table 4. Percent of Unrelated Individuals in Poverty, by Definition of Income and Selected Characteristics: 1997 (All Races)
Before taxes
Definition 3
Money income-- plus
Excluding health
capital Definition 1 Definition 2 insurance
gains less plus supplements to
(current government capital wage or salary
Total measure) transfers gains income
(thous.) Def 1 Def 2 Def 3 Def 4
Educational Attainment
Total, 18 years old and over 41430 20.4 35.6 35.5 35.1
18 to 24 years old 5193 35.9 38.7 38.5 37.9
Less than 12th grade, no diploma 722 65.0 66.6 66.6 66.0
25 years old and over 36237 18.2 35.1 35.0 34.7
Less than 12th grade, no diploma 6992 38.5 71.5 71.3 70.9
High school graduate, no college 11141 19.1 38.3 38.3 37.9
College: Less than bachelor's degree 8892 12.5 26.1 26.0 25.6
Bachelor's degree or more 9212 7.3 12.5 12.4 12.3
Work Experience in 1997
Total, 20 to 64 years 29944 19.0 23.1 23.0 22.6
Worked at full-time jobs 22139 6.5 7.3 7.2 6.9
50 to 52 weeks 17991 2.6 2.8 2.8 2.5
Worked at part-time jobs 3324 35.4 43.2 42.7 41.6
Did not work 4481 68.2 86.2 86.3 86.3
Program Participation Status
Received:
Cash assistance 2258 73.4 95.6 95.5 95.5
AFDC or other non-SSI 460 72.9 90.8 90.8 90.8
SSI 1884 73.5 96.8 96.7 96.7
Food stamps 2312 74.6 88.6 88.6 88.2
Housing assistance 2410 52.6 82.9 82.8 82.6
Energy assistance 1190 58.3 86.7 86.7 86.4
Food stamps and cash assistance 1148 83.0 96.8 96.8 96.8
07/17/98 3
Table 4. Percent of Unrelated Individuals in Poverty, by Definition of Income and Selected Characteristics: 1997 (All Races)
Before taxes
Definition 3
Money income-- plus
Excluding health
capital Definition 1 Definition 2 insurance
gains less plus supplements to
(current government capital wage or salary
Total measure) transfers gains income
(thous.) Def 1 Def 2 Def 3 Def 4
Health Insurance Coverage
Covered by:
Employer-provided plan 20020 5.1 10.8 10.7 10.0
Medicare 11721 24.3 71.0 70.8 70.6
Also Medicaid 2049 56.0 90.3 90.2 90.2
Medicaid 3752 62.4 87.3 87.3 86.9
Not covered by:
Health insurance 7955 38.0 40.6 40.5 40.5
07/17/98 4
Table 4. Percent of Unrelated Individuals in Poverty, by Definition of Income and Selected Characteristics: 1997 (All Races)
After taxes
Definition 8
Definition 4 Definition 6 plus
less Definition 5 plus Definition 7 nonmeans-
Social less Earned less tested
Security Federal Income state government
payroll income Tax income cash
taxes taxes Credit taxes transfers
Def 5 Def 6 Def 7 Def 8 Def 9
BELOW POVERTY LEVEL
All Races
Total 36.3 36.7 36.6 36.8 22.6
Age
15 to 24 years 41.9 42.2 42.2 42.6 40.3
25 to 44 years 17.7 18.1 18.0 18.2 16.4
45 to 54 years 23.0 23.4 23.2 23.5 19.8
55 to 64 years 36.5 36.8 36.8 37.0 26.2
65 years and over 68.0 68.1 68.1 68.2 22.7
Type of Residence
Inside metropolitan areas 34.0 34.3 34.2 34.4 21.3
Inside central cities 35.9 36.3 36.2 36.3 24.8
Outside central cities 32.3 32.6 32.5 32.8 18.2
Outside metropolitan areas 47.2 47.5 47.5 47.8 28.5
Region
Northeast 38.2 38.5 38.4 38.7 21.8
Midwest 36.0 36.3 36.2 36.4 20.1
South 37.3 37.7 37.6 37.8 24.3
West 33.6 33.9 33.9 34.1 23.4
07/17/98 5
Table 4. Percent of Unrelated Individuals in Poverty, by Definition of Income and Selected Characteristics: 1997 (All Races)
After taxes
Definition 8
Definition 4 Definition 6 plus
less Definition 5 plus Definition 7 nonmeans-
Social less Earned less tested
Security Federal Income state government
payroll income Tax income cash
taxes taxes Credit taxes transfers
Def 5 Def 6 Def 7 Def 8 Def 9
Educational Attainment
Total, 18 years old and over 36.0 36.3 36.2 36.5 22.2
18 to 24 years old 39.5 39.9 39.9 40.2 37.9
Less than 12th grade, no diploma 67.2 67.2 67.2 67.7 66.0
25 years old and over 35.5 35.8 35.7 35.9 19.9
Less than 12th grade, no diploma 71.9 72.3 72.2 72.4 42.3
High school graduate, no college 38.8 39.3 39.1 39.3 20.8
College: Less than bachelor's degree 26.4 26.6 26.5 26.7 13.7
Bachelor's degree or more 12.7 12.9 12.9 13.1 8.1
Work Experience in 1997
Total, 20 to 64 years 23.7 24.1 24.0 24.3 20.7
Worked at full-time jobs 7.9 8.3 8.1 8.4 7.5
50 to 52 weeks 3.2 3.5 3.5 3.6 3.4
Worked at part-time jobs 44.4 45.5 45.3 45.9 39.4
Did not work 86.3 86.5 86.5 86.5 72.3
Program Participation Status
Received:
Cash assistance 95.8 95.9 95.8 95.9 90.0
AFDC or other non-SSI 91.2 91.7 91.2 91.7 86.3
SSI 97.0 97.0 97.0 97.0 91.1
Food stamps 89.6 90.2 89.7 90.0 81.9
Housing assistance 83.3 83.9 83.4 83.5 58.9
Energy assistance 88.1 88.4 88.4 88.9 66.7
Food stamps and cash assistance 97.0 97.2 97.0 97.2 95.1
07/17/98 6
Table 4. Percent of Unrelated Individuals in Poverty, by Definition of Income and Selected Characteristics: 1997 (All Races)
After taxes
Definition 8
Definition 4 Definition 6 plus
less Definition 5 plus Definition 7 nonmeans-
Social less Earned less tested
Security Federal Income state government
payroll income Tax income cash
taxes taxes Credit taxes transfers
Def 5 Def 6 Def 7 Def 8 Def 9
Health Insurance Coverage
Covered by:
Employer-provided plan 10.3 10.5 10.4 10.6 5.0
Medicare 70.8 70.8 70.8 71.0 26.5
Also Medicaid 90.3 90.3 90.3 90.3 66.3
Medicaid 87.3 87.5 87.2 87.4 71.9
Not covered by:
Health insurance 43.2 44.3 44.1 44.6 41.3
07/17/98 7
Table 4. Percent of Unrelated Individuals in Poverty, by Definition of Income and Selected Characteristics: 1997 (All Races)
After taxes
Definition 13
Definition 11 plus
Definition 10 plus other
plus means-tested means-tested
Definition 9 regular-price government Definition 12 government
plus school cash plus noncash
Medicare lunches transfers Medicaid transfers
Def 10 Def 11 Def 12 Def 13 Def 14
BELOW POVERTY LEVEL
All Races
Total 21.5 21.5 20.4 19.8 18.6
Age
15 to 24 years 40.3 40.3 39.7 39.2 38.4
25 to 44 years 15.9 15.9 15.3 14.8 14.0
45 to 54 years 19.1 19.1 17.9 17.2 15.9
55 to 64 years 25.2 25.2 23.4 22.2 20.2
65 years and over 19.9 19.9 18.1 17.8 16.1
Type of Residence
Inside metropolitan areas 20.2 20.2 19.1 18.6 17.5
Inside central cities 23.6 23.6 22.2 21.6 19.8
Outside central cities 17.1 17.1 16.4 16.0 15.3
Outside metropolitan areas 27.6 27.6 26.4 25.4 23.8
Region
Northeast 20.0 20.0 18.3 17.5 15.8
Midwest 19.3 19.3 18.6 18.2 16.9
South 23.2 23.2 22.3 21.8 20.4
West 22.5 22.5 21.1 20.7 20.0
07/17/98 8
Table 4. Percent of Unrelated Individuals in Poverty, by Definition of Income and Selected Characteristics: 1997 (All Races)
After taxes
Definition 13
Definition 11 plus
Definition 10 plus other
plus means-tested means-tested
Definition 9 regular-price government Definition 12 government
plus school cash plus noncash
Medicare lunches transfers Medicaid transfers
Def 10 Def 11 Def 12 Def 13 Def 14
Educational Attainment
Total, 18 years old and over 21.1 21.1 20.0 19.4 18.2
18 to 24 years old 37.9 37.9 37.4 36.9 36.1
Less than 12th grade, no diploma 66.0 66.0 65.1 63.1 61.2
25 years old and over 18.7 18.7 17.5 16.9 15.6
Less than 12th grade, no diploma 38.6 38.6 35.5 33.8 30.3
High school graduate, no college 19.7 19.7 18.7 18.2 16.9
College: Less than bachelor's degree 12.9 12.9 12.2 12.0 11.4
Bachelor's degree or more 7.8 7.8 7.4 7.3 7.0
Work Experience in 1997
Total, 20 to 64 years 20.2 20.2 19.3 18.7 17.6
Worked at full-time jobs 7.4 7.4 7.3 7.2 6.9
50 to 52 weeks 3.4 3.4 3.3 3.3 3.2
Worked at part-time jobs 38.9 38.9 37.2 36.7 35.5
Did not work 69.5 69.5 65.5 61.9 57.4
Program Participation Status
Received:
Cash assistance 83.5 83.5 65.1 56.6 44.7
AFDC or other non-SSI 84.2 84.2 71.1 67.3 58.6
SSI 83.5 83.5 63.7 53.9 41.2
Food stamps 76.0 76.0 68.9 63.2 49.9
Housing assistance 49.0 49.0 41.4 37.4 20.5
Energy assistance 61.5 61.5 55.4 51.5 43.8
Food stamps and cash assistance 90.3 90.3 76.2 66.5 49.5
07/17/98 9
Table 4. Percent of Unrelated Individuals in Poverty, by Definition of Income and Selected Characteristics: 1997 (All Races)
After taxes
Definition 13
Definition 11 plus
Definition 10 plus other
plus means-tested means-tested
Definition 9 regular-price government Definition 12 government
plus school cash plus noncash
Medicare lunches transfers Medicaid transfers
Def 10 Def 11 Def 12 Def 13 Def 14
Health Insurance Coverage
Covered by:
Employer-provided plan 5.0 5.0 4.9 4.9 4.7
Medicare 22.5 22.5 20.2 19.7 17.3
Also Medicaid 55.9 55.9 43.6 41.0 31.2
Medicaid 66.2 66.2 55.5 49.2 40.7
Not covered by:
Health insurance 41.3 41.3 41.2 41.2 40.5
07/17/98 10
Table 4. Percent of Unrelated Individuals in Poverty, by Definition of Income and Selected Characteristics: 1997 (All Races)
After taxes
Definition 14
plus
net Money
imputed Definition 14 Income Money
return less after Taxes Income
on equity medical not including after
in own home programs EITC Taxes
Def 15 Def 16 Def 17 Def 18
BELOW POVERTY LEVEL
All Races
Total 16.4 19.5 22.0 22.0
Age
15 to 24 years 38.2 39.0 40.7 40.7
25 to 44 years 13.7 14.8 16.3 16.3
45 to 54 years 14.5 16.9 19.1 19.1
55 to 64 years 17.0 21.7 25.0 25.0
65 years and over 10.1 16.8 21.0 21.0
Type of Residence
Inside metropolitan areas 15.6 18.3 20.8 20.7
Inside central cities 18.4 20.7 24.1 24.1
Outside central cities 13.1 16.1 17.8 17.8
Outside metropolitan areas 20.3 25.1 27.7 27.7
Region
Northeast 14.1 16.5 21.0 21.0
Midwest 15.3 17.9 20.0 20.0
South 17.3 21.4 23.6 23.6
West 18.3 20.7 22.4 22.4
07/17/98 11
Table 4. Percent of Unrelated Individuals in Poverty, by Definition of Income and Selected Characteristics: 1997 (All Races)
After taxes
Definition 14
plus
net Money
imputed Definition 14 Income Money
return less after Taxes Income
on equity medical not including after
in own home programs EITC Taxes
Def 15 Def 16 Def 17 Def 18
Educational Attainment
Total, 18 years old and over 16.0 19.0 21.6 21.6
18 to 24 years old 35.9 36.6 38.4 38.4
Less than 12th grade, no diploma 60.7 63.9 66.2 66.2
25 years old and over 13.2 16.5 19.2 19.1
Less than 12th grade, no diploma 24.5 32.7 39.7 39.6
High school graduate, no college 14.5 17.6 20.2 20.2
College: Less than bachelor's degree 9.7 12.1 13.3 13.3
Bachelor's degree or more 6.3 7.3 8.0 7.9
Work Experience in 1997
Total, 20 to 64 years 16.8 18.5 20.5 20.5
Worked at full-time jobs 6.6 7.0 7.9 7.9
50 to 52 weeks 2.9 3.3 3.7 3.7
Worked at part-time jobs 34.5 36.2 39.7 39.6
Did not work 54.0 62.3 68.5 68.5
Program Participation Status
Received:
Cash assistance 37.3 54.1 73.6 73.4
AFDC or other non-SSI 53.4 62.0 74.2 73.5
SSI 32.8 51.7 73.4 73.4
Food stamps 43.4 54.5 76.2 76.1
Housing assistance 20.5 22.3 53.4 53.4
Energy assistance 34.4 46.8 60.1 60.1
Food stamps and cash assistance 41.8 56.8 83.5 83.2
07/17/98 12
Table 4. Percent of Unrelated Individuals in Poverty, by Definition of Income and Selected Characteristics: 1997 (All Races)
After taxes
Definition 14
plus
net Money
imputed Definition 14 Income Money
return less after Taxes Income
on equity medical not including after
in own home programs EITC Taxes
Def 15 Def 16 Def 17 Def 18
Health Insurance Coverage
Covered by:
Employer-provided plan 4.0 4.7 5.8 5.8
Medicare 11.4 18.9 24.3 24.3
Also Medicaid 21.9 35.2 56.0 56.0
Medicaid 34.7 47.2 62.7 62.6
Not covered by:
Health insurance 39.6 40.5 41.3 41.2
07/17/98 13
Table 4. Percent of Unrelated Individuals in Poverty, by Definition of Income and Selected Characteristics: 1997 (All Races)
Defin 1 Defin 2 Defin 3 Defin 4 Defin 5 Defin 6 Defin 7 Defin 8 Defin 9
BELOW POVERTY LEVEL
All Races
Total 8687 14969 14924 14784 15141 15276 15242 15339 9415
Age
15 to 24 years 2082 2233 2223 2192 2277 2296 2296 2314 2190
25 to 44 years 2302 2613 2607 2556 2740 2814 2789 2826 2539
45 to 54 years 1051 1334 1336 1311 1348 1372 1363 1381 1160
55 to 64 years 1020 1538 1529 1515 1544 1557 1557 1567 1108
65 years and over 2233 7250 7228 7209 7232 7237 7237 7252 2418
Type of Residence
Inside metropolitan areas 6749 11555 11515 11391 11666 11780 11747 11821 7316
Inside central cities 3694 5735 5718 5649 5797 5865 5850 5874 4014
Outside central cities 3055 5821 5797 5742 5870 5915 5897 5947 3302
Outside metropolitan areas 1938 3413 3409 3392 3474 3496 3495 3518 2099
Region
Northeast 1666 3159 3156 3107 3159 3176 3174 3197 1800
Midwest 1827 3432 3420 3389 3472 3498 3490 3512 1935
South 3153 5171 5159 5135 5269 5325 5304 5336 3426
West 2040 3207 3189 3152 3241 3276 3274 3293 2255
Educational Attainment
Total, 18 years old and over 8468 14744 14699 14559 14916 15051 15018 15114 9194
18 to 24 years old 1862 2009 1999 1968 2052 2071 2071 2089 1968
Less than 12th grade, no diploma 469 480 480 476 485 485 485 489 476
25 years old and over 6605 12736 12700 12591 12864 12980 12947 13025 7226
Less than 12th grade, no diploma 2692 4998 4986 4960 5029 5053 5048 5065 2954
High school graduate, no college 2125 4264 4262 4219 4320 4373 4352 4379 2313
College: Less than bachelor's degree 1113 2324 2307 2281 2343 2363 2358 2374 1216
Bachelor's degree or more 676 1150 1144 1132 1172 1191 1189 1206 743
07/17/98 14
Table 4. Percent of Unrelated Individuals in Poverty, by Definition of Income and Selected Characteristics: 1997 (All Races)
Defin 1 Defin 2 Defin 3 Defin 4 Defin 5 Defin 6 Defin 7 Defin 8 Defin 9
Work Experience in 1997
Total, 20 to 64 years 5679 6907 6884 6767 7089 7219 7185 7265 6208
Worked at full-time jobs 1448 1607 1601 1520 1747 1831 1804 1862 1656
50 to 52 weeks 476 504 501 457 576 634 625 654 609
Worked at part-time jobs 1175 1437 1418 1381 1476 1513 1507 1525 1310
Did not work 3055 3864 3866 3866 3866 3875 3875 3878 3242
Program Participation Status
Received:
Cash assistance 1656 2159 2157 2157 2164 2166 2164 2166 2032
AFDC or other non-SSI 335 417 417 417 419 421 419 421 396
SSI 1385 1823 1822 1822 1826 1826 1826 1826 1717
Food stamps 1725 2047 2047 2038 2072 2085 2073 2081 1893
Housing assistance 1267 1997 1994 1991 2008 2022 2010 2013 1420
Energy assistance 693 1031 1031 1028 1048 1052 1052 1058 794
Food stamps and cash assistance 953 1111 1111 1111 1114 1116 1114 1116 1092
Health Insurance Coverage
Covered by:
Employer-provided plan 1019 2153 2143 2003 2066 2094 2077 2117 1008
Medicare 2851 8320 8295 8275 8299 8304 8304 8319 3101
Also Medicaid 1147 1850 1848 1848 1850 1850 1850 1850 1358
Medicaid 2341 3275 3273 3261 3275 3282 3273 3277 2697
Not covered by:
Health insurance 3023 3231 3219 3219 3441 3524 3510 3550 3286
07/17/98 15
Table 4. Percent of Unrelated Individuals in Poverty, by Definition of Income and Selected Characteristics: 1997 (All Races)
Defin 10 Defin 11 Defin 12 Defin 13 Defin 14 Defin 15 Defin 16 Defin 17 Defin 18
BELOW POVERTY LEVEL
All Races
Total 8951 8951 8497 8260 7747 6847 8108 9158 9149
Age
15 to 24 years 2189 2189 2160 2129 2085 2074 2118 2213 2213
25 to 44 years 2464 2464 2370 2289 2169 2129 2294 2533 2524
45 to 54 years 1119 1119 1051 1012 932 850 989 1120 1119
55 to 64 years 1067 1067 989 938 853 717 916 1058 1058
65 years and over 2113 2113 1927 1892 1707 1077 1791 2235 2235
Type of Residence
Inside metropolitan areas 6921 6921 6558 6391 5993 5352 6263 7123 7114
Inside central cities 3820 3820 3582 3493 3208 2974 3340 3897 3888
Outside central cities 3101 3101 2976 2898 2785 2378 2923 3227 3225
Outside metropolitan areas 2031 2031 1939 1869 1754 1495 1845 2035 2035
Region
Northeast 1650 1650 1513 1442 1308 1161 1362 1734 1734
Midwest 1859 1859 1791 1749 1627 1478 1720 1929 1925
South 3271 3271 3153 3075 2882 2439 3028 3332 3328
West 2171 2171 2040 1994 1931 1770 1998 2164 2161
Educational Attainment
Total, 18 years old and over 8730 8730 8277 8049 7539 6638 7892 8939 8929
18 to 24 years old 1967 1967 1940 1918 1877 1865 1902 1993 1993
Less than 12th grade, no diploma 476 476 470 455 442 438 461 478 478
25 years old and over 6763 6763 6337 6131 5662 4773 5990 6946 6936
Less than 12th grade, no diploma 2700 2700 2483 2366 2116 1713 2283 2773 2771
High school graduate, no college 2193 2193 2085 2022 1888 1612 1966 2256 2255
College: Less than bachelor's degree 1151 1151 1089 1066 1011 865 1073 1184 1181
Bachelor's degree or more 719 719 681 676 647 583 668 733 730
07/17/98 16
Table 4. Percent of Unrelated Individuals in Poverty, by Definition of Income and Selected Characteristics: 1997 (All Races)
Defin 10 Defin 11 Defin 12 Defin 13 Defin 14 Defin 15 Defin 16 Defin 17 Defin 18
Work Experience in 1997
Total, 20 to 64 years 6048 6048 5786 5597 5284 5023 5548 6135 6125
Worked at full-time jobs 1641 1641 1614 1605 1534 1458 1552 1748 1742
50 to 52 weeks 607 607 601 596 580 530 587 660 660
Worked at part-time jobs 1293 1293 1238 1219 1179 1145 1204 1319 1316
Did not work 3114 3114 2934 2773 2571 2419 2792 3068 3068
Program Participation Status
Received:
Cash assistance 1886 1886 1470 1278 1009 842 1221 1661 1658
AFDC or other non-SSI 387 387 327 309 269 245 285 341 338
SSI 1574 1574 1200 1015 777 617 974 1383 1383
Food stamps 1756 1756 1593 1460 1154 1003 1260 1762 1759
Housing assistance 1181 1181 998 901 493 493 538 1287 1286
Energy assistance 732 732 660 613 521 409 557 715 715
Food stamps and cash assistance 1037 1037 875 763 568 480 652 959 956
Health Insurance Coverage
Covered by:
Employer-provided plan 1000 1000 977 973 939 806 943 1166 1165
Medicare 2637 2637 2367 2313 2022 1334 2220 2848 2848
Also Medicaid 1145 1145 893 840 638 449 722 1147 1147
Medicaid 2484 2484 2082 1845 1526 1304 1772 2352 2349
Not covered by:
Health insurance 3286 3286 3281 3281 3220 3147 3220 3286 3281