07/17/98 1
Table 3. Percent of Families in Poverty, by Definition of Income and Selected Characteristics: 1997 (Black)
Before taxes
Definition 3
Money income-- plus
Excluding health
capital Definition 1 Definition 2 insurance
gains less plus supplements to
(current government capital wage or salary
Total measure) transfers gains income
(thous.) Def 1 Def 2 Def 3 Def 4
BELOW POVERTY LEVEL
Black
All families 8408 23.6 32.2 32.1 30.9
Age of Householder
15 to 24 years 630 50.4 55.7 55.7 54.1
25 to 44 years 4407 26.3 31.0 30.9 29.2
45 to 54 years 1594 11.1 16.7 16.7 16.2
55 to 64 years 862 15.9 26.7 26.7 26.4
65 years and over 916 21.1 53.7 53.7 53.2
Type of Family
Married-couple families 3921 8.0 16.2 16.3 15.6
With related children under 18 2275 9.0 13.5 13.5 12.5
With related children under 6 1023 10.7 13.4 13.2 13.2
Male householder, no wife present 562 19.7 27.1 27.1 25.6
Female householder, no husband present 3926 39.8 48.8 48.7 46.9
With related children under 18 3060 46.9 54.4 54.1 51.9
With related children under 6 1384 54.8 61.3 61.1 58.0
Type of Residence
Inside metropolitan areas 7242 22.8 30.8 30.7 29.5
Inside central cities 4557 26.6 36.0 35.9 34.4
Outside central cities 2685 16.4 22.1 22.0 21.2
Outside metropolitan areas 1166 28.6 40.5 40.7 39.6
07/17/98 2
Table 3. Percent of Families in Poverty, by Definition of Income and Selected Characteristics: 1997 (Black)
Before taxes
Definition 3
Money income-- plus
Excluding health
capital Definition 1 Definition 2 insurance
gains less plus supplements to
(current government capital wage or salary
Total measure) transfers gains income
(thous.) Def 1 Def 2 Def 3 Def 4
Region
Northeast 1501 25.9 34.4 34.3 33.3
Midwest 1468 25.7 35.5 35.6 33.5
South 4721 22.8 31.0 30.9 30.0
West 717 19.9 28.4 28.4 26.8
Educational Attainment
Less than 12th grade, no diploma 1943 39.9 57.3 57.0 55.9
High school graduate, no college 3064 26.1 32.8 32.8 31.7
College: Less than bachelor's degree 2312 15.4 21.5 21.5 20.2
Bachelor's degree or more 1089 5.1 8.4 8.4 6.8
Work Experience in 1997
Total, 15 to 64 years 7492 23.9 29.6 29.5 28.2
Worked at full-time jobs 5334 11.9 15.0 14.9 13.5
50 to 52 weeks 4360 6.3 7.3 7.3 6.3
Worked at part-time jobs 832 45.1 51.3 51.2 50.0
Did not work 1326 58.9 74.5 74.3 73.4
Year-Round Full-Time Workers
No workers 2933 56.7 77.4 77.4 75.8
Householder 15 to 64 years 2272 64.9 79.3 79.3 77.4
Householder 65 years and over 661 28.4 70.9 70.8 70.2
One worker 3480 8.5 11.7 11.6 10.2
Two workers or more 1994 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.0
07/17/98 3
Table 3. Percent of Families in Poverty, by Definition of Income and Selected Characteristics: 1997 (Black)
Before taxes
Definition 3
Money income-- plus
Excluding health
capital Definition 1 Definition 2 insurance
gains less plus supplements to
(current government capital wage or salary
Total measure) transfers gains income
(thous.) Def 1 Def 2 Def 3 Def 4
Program Participation Status of
Family Members
One or more members received:
Cash assistance 1461 60.9 79.7 79.2 77.8
AFDC or other non-SSI 977 73.8 88.2 87.7 86.2
SSI 636 39.6 70.0 69.5 68.8
Food stamps 1677 69.3 81.9 81.6 80.6
Housing assistance 1046 65.8 76.1 75.9 74.3
Energy assistance 452 68.9 87.1 87.1 84.5
Free or reduced-price school lunches 2245 50.2 60.1 59.9 58.0
Family received both food stamps and
cash assistance 1035 74.6 90.6 90.1 88.7
Health Insurance Coverage
One or more members covered by:
Employer-provided plan 5232 8.2 12.0 12.0 10.1
Medicare 1506 23.7 52.6 52.5 52.3
Medicaid 2423 54.1 68.9 68.5 67.1
No members covered by:
Employer-provided plan or Medicare or
Medicaid 1020 29.2 34.3 34.4 34.4
Health insurance 762 34.4 40.4 40.6 40.6
Family received:
Medicare and Medicaid 568 40.2 70.9 70.3 70.3
07/17/98 4
Table 3. Percent of Families in Poverty, by Definition of Income and Selected Characteristics: 1997 (Black)
After taxes
Definition 8
Definition 4 Definition 6 plus
less Definition 5 plus Definition 7 nonmeans-
Social less Earned less tested
Security Federal Income state government
payroll income Tax income cash
taxes taxes Credit taxes transfers
Def 5 Def 6 Def 7 Def 8 Def 9
BELOW POVERTY LEVEL
Black
All families 32.5 32.6 29.7 29.8 24.0
Age of Householder
15 to 24 years 55.3 55.3 51.5 51.5 47.6
25 to 44 years 31.1 31.1 27.3 27.5 25.1
45 to 54 years 17.6 17.9 15.6 16.0 14.0
55 to 64 years 27.2 27.5 25.6 25.6 18.5
65 years and over 54.2 54.5 54.1 54.1 24.9
Type of Family
Married-couple families 16.9 16.9 15.7 15.9 9.0
With related children under 18 14.4 14.4 12.3 12.6 9.7
With related children under 6 15.3 15.3 13.3 14.0 12.0
Male householder, no wife present 27.8 28.7 24.8 24.8 18.6
Female householder, no husband present 48.6 48.8 44.3 44.4 39.8
With related children under 18 53.8 53.9 48.6 48.8 45.4
With related children under 6 61.2 61.2 55.5 55.8 52.5
Type of Residence
Inside metropolitan areas 30.9 31.0 28.4 28.5 23.0
Inside central cities 36.1 36.2 33.1 33.3 27.0
Outside central cities 22.0 22.3 20.4 20.4 16.3
Outside metropolitan areas 42.1 42.3 37.6 37.7 30.1
07/17/98 5
Table 3. Percent of Families in Poverty, by Definition of Income and Selected Characteristics: 1997 (Black)
After taxes
Definition 8
Definition 4 Definition 6 plus
less Definition 5 plus Definition 7 nonmeans-
Social less Earned less tested
Security Federal Income state government
payroll income Tax income cash
taxes taxes Credit taxes transfers
Def 5 Def 6 Def 7 Def 8 Def 9
Region
Northeast 35.0 35.0 32.4 32.4 27.1
Midwest 35.0 35.2 32.9 33.3 27.8
South 31.7 31.9 28.6 28.8 22.6
West 26.9 26.9 24.3 24.3 19.2
Educational Attainment
Less than 12th grade, no diploma 57.6 58.0 55.2 55.3 43.6
High school graduate, no college 33.0 33.1 29.8 29.9 24.8
College: Less than bachelor's degree 21.8 21.9 18.9 19.1 15.5
Bachelor's degree or more 8.6 8.6 6.7 6.7 4.7
Work Experience in 1997
Total, 15 to 64 years 29.8 29.9 26.7 26.8 23.9
Worked at full-time jobs 15.1 15.2 11.6 11.8 10.4
50 to 52 weeks 7.6 7.7 4.8 5.1 4.5
Worked at part-time jobs 53.3 53.3 47.5 47.5 42.3
Did not work 74.3 74.5 74.3 74.3 66.4
Year-Round Full-Time Workers
No workers 77.7 78.0 74.2 74.2 59.5
Householder 15 to 64 years 79.7 79.9 75.0 75.0 67.1
Householder 65 years and over 71.1 71.5 71.3 71.3 33.4
One worker 12.1 12.1 8.5 8.9 7.2
Two workers or more 1.5 1.6 1.1 1.1 1.1
07/17/98 6
Table 3. Percent of Families in Poverty, by Definition of Income and Selected Characteristics: 1997 (Black)
After taxes
Definition 8
Definition 4 Definition 6 plus
less Definition 5 plus Definition 7 nonmeans-
Social less Earned less tested
Security Federal Income state government
payroll income Tax income cash
taxes taxes Credit taxes transfers
Def 5 Def 6 Def 7 Def 8 Def 9
Program Participation Status of
Family Members
One or more members received:
Cash assistance 80.0 80.2 76.7 76.9 71.4
AFDC or other non-SSI 87.6 87.6 83.9 84.2 80.9
SSI 71.8 72.3 69.2 69.2 59.9
Food stamps 82.5 82.5 76.7 76.7 71.4
Housing assistance 76.5 76.5 71.6 71.6 68.2
Energy assistance 85.8 85.8 81.3 81.3 74.7
Free or reduced-price school lunches 60.6 60.8 55.1 55.3 50.1
Family received both food stamps and
cash assistance 90.7 90.7 86.8 86.8 82.6
Health Insurance Coverage
One or more members covered by:
Employer-provided plan 11.1 11.2 9.3 9.3 6.6
Medicare 53.0 53.2 52.3 52.5 28.3
Medicaid 69.5 69.7 64.9 65.3 58.6
No members covered by:
Employer-provided plan or Medicare or
Medicaid 37.4 37.4 31.6 31.8 27.1
Health insurance 44.7 44.7 37.4 37.6 32.1
Family received:
Medicare and Medicaid 70.8 70.8 70.0 70.0 50.1
07/17/98 7
Table 3. Percent of Families in Poverty, by Definition of Income and Selected Characteristics: 1997 (Black)
After taxes
Definition 13
Definition 11 plus
Definition 10 plus other
plus means-tested means-tested
Definition 9 regular-price government Definition 12 government
plus school cash plus noncash
Medicare lunches transfers Medicaid transfers
Def 10 Def 11 Def 12 Def 13 Def 14
BELOW POVERTY LEVEL
Black
All families 23.3 23.3 21.0 19.9 16.9
Age of Householder
15 to 24 years 46.7 46.7 44.1 41.3 33.1
25 to 44 years 24.9 24.9 23.1 21.9 18.4
45 to 54 years 13.6 13.6 10.1 9.1 8.2
55 to 64 years 17.6 17.6 15.0 14.1 12.2
65 years and over 21.6 21.6 20.0 19.6 18.4
Type of Family
Married-couple families 8.6 8.6 7.5 7.1 6.4
With related children under 18 9.5 9.5 8.4 7.6 6.6
With related children under 6 12.0 12.0 10.9 9.5 8.2
Male householder, no wife present 16.7 16.7 16.3 15.8 15.4
Female householder, no husband present 38.9 38.9 35.2 33.3 27.7
With related children under 18 44.7 44.7 41.1 38.7 31.8
With related children under 6 52.0 52.0 49.4 45.4 38.1
Type of Residence
Inside metropolitan areas 22.3 22.3 20.2 19.0 16.1
Inside central cities 26.0 26.0 23.5 21.9 18.1
Outside central cities 16.0 16.0 14.5 14.1 12.6
Outside metropolitan areas 29.4 29.4 26.2 25.5 22.1
07/17/98 8
Table 3. Percent of Families in Poverty, by Definition of Income and Selected Characteristics: 1997 (Black)
After taxes
Definition 13
Definition 11 plus
Definition 10 plus other
plus means-tested means-tested
Definition 9 regular-price government Definition 12 government
plus school cash plus noncash
Medicare lunches transfers Medicaid transfers
Def 10 Def 11 Def 12 Def 13 Def 14
Region
Northeast 26.2 26.2 23.4 21.7 18.5
Midwest 27.0 27.0 23.2 21.2 18.4
South 21.9 21.9 20.4 19.6 16.5
West 18.4 18.4 15.7 15.3 13.3
Educational Attainment
Less than 12th grade, no diploma 42.2 42.2 37.8 36.3 31.4
High school graduate, no college 24.3 24.3 22.3 21.1 17.6
College: Less than bachelor's degree 14.7 14.7 13.1 12.0 10.1
Bachelor's degree or more 4.7 4.7 4.3 3.9 3.7
Work Experience in 1997
Total, 15 to 64 years 23.5 23.5 21.1 19.9 16.8
Worked at full-time jobs 10.3 10.3 9.3 8.3 5.9
50 to 52 weeks 4.5 4.5 4.1 3.5 2.6
Worked at part-time jobs 41.5 41.5 39.7 37.3 31.1
Did not work 65.2 65.2 57.3 55.8 51.3
Year-Round Full-Time Workers
No workers 57.5 57.5 52.3 50.1 43.2
Householder 15 to 64 years 65.8 65.8 59.8 57.0 48.6
Householder 65 years and over 28.9 28.9 26.9 26.3 24.6
One worker 7.2 7.2 6.1 5.5 4.1
Two workers or more 1.1 1.1 0.9 0.7 0.7
07/17/98 9
Table 3. Percent of Families in Poverty, by Definition of Income and Selected Characteristics: 1997 (Black)
After taxes
Definition 13
Definition 11 plus
Definition 10 plus other
plus means-tested means-tested
Definition 9 regular-price government Definition 12 government
plus school cash plus noncash
Medicare lunches transfers Medicaid transfers
Def 10 Def 11 Def 12 Def 13 Def 14
Program Participation Status of
Family Members
One or more members received:
Cash assistance 68.7 68.7 55.8 52.1 41.7
AFDC or other non-SSI 79.3 79.3 68.6 64.2 49.4
SSI 55.2 55.2 34.9 31.8 27.0
Food stamps 70.1 70.1 62.8 58.6 45.8
Housing assistance 66.5 66.5 60.0 56.0 42.6
Energy assistance 73.8 73.8 64.8 58.7 47.6
Free or reduced-price school lunches 49.3 49.3 45.2 42.4 34.9
Family received both food stamps and
cash assistance 80.6 80.6 68.7 64.0 50.4
Health Insurance Coverage
One or more members covered by:
Employer-provided plan 6.3 6.3 5.9 5.7 4.8
Medicare 24.3 24.3 20.9 20.6 18.8
Medicaid 56.6 56.6 49.3 45.4 37.4
No members covered by:
Employer-provided plan or Medicare or
Medicaid 27.1 27.1 26.7 26.7 24.7
Health insurance 32.1 32.1 31.5 31.5 28.9
Family received:
Medicare and Medicaid 41.7 41.7 33.6 32.9 29.3
07/17/98 10
Table 3. Percent of Families in Poverty, by Definition of Income and Selected Characteristics: 1997 (Black)
After taxes
Definition 14
plus
net Money
imputed Definition 14 Income Money
return less after Taxes Income
on equity medical not including after
in own home programs EITC Taxes
Def 15 Def 16 Def 17 Def 18
BELOW POVERTY LEVEL
Black
All families 16.0 18.0 25.6 22.0
Age of Householder
15 to 24 years 33.5 35.3 53.7 45.6
25 to 44 years 18.1 19.2 28.5 24.0
45 to 54 years 7.9 8.9 13.1 10.8
55 to 64 years 10.4 13.8 16.5 16.0
65 years and over 13.4 19.9 22.9 21.5
Type of Family
Married-couple families 5.6 7.3 9.6 8.0
With related children under 18 6.0 7.6 11.5 8.7
With related children under 6 7.0 9.8 14.0 10.9
Male householder, no wife present 14.8 16.3 22.9 17.3
Female householder, no husband present 26.5 28.9 42.0 36.7
With related children under 18 31.3 33.4 49.5 42.8
With related children under 6 37.9 39.3 57.7 50.7
Type of Residence
Inside metropolitan areas 15.1 17.3 24.7 21.3
Inside central cities 17.2 19.6 29.0 24.8
Outside central cities 11.4 13.2 17.5 15.3
Outside metropolitan areas 21.7 22.6 31.3 26.7
07/17/98 11
Table 3. Percent of Families in Poverty, by Definition of Income and Selected Characteristics: 1997 (Black)
After taxes
Definition 14
plus
net Money
imputed Definition 14 Income Money
return less after Taxes Income
on equity medical not including after
in own home programs EITC Taxes
Def 15 Def 16 Def 17 Def 18
Region
Northeast 18.0 19.8 28.2 24.1
Midwest 16.8 20.0 28.3 24.7
South 15.7 17.4 24.9 21.3
West 12.1 14.2 20.0 16.9
Educational Attainment
Less than 12th grade, no diploma 29.1 33.6 42.2 38.9
High school graduate, no college 17.1 18.4 28.1 23.7
College: Less than bachelor's degree 9.7 10.9 17.9 13.8
Bachelor's degree or more 2.7 3.9 5.8 4.8
Work Experience in 1997
Total, 15 to 64 years 16.3 17.8 26.0 22.1
Worked at full-time jobs 5.8 6.4 13.7 10.0
50 to 52 weeks 2.5 2.8 7.6 4.8
Worked at part-time jobs 30.4 31.7 48.8 40.2
Did not work 49.7 54.8 61.2 59.3
Year-Round Full-Time Workers
No workers 40.9 45.7 59.1 53.8
Householder 15 to 64 years 47.4 51.2 67.6 61.1
Householder 65 years and over 18.5 26.7 29.9 28.8
One worker 3.8 4.5 11.0 7.2
Two workers or more 0.7 0.8 2.1 1.2
07/17/98 12
Table 3. Percent of Families in Poverty, by Definition of Income and Selected Characteristics: 1997 (Black)
After taxes
Definition 14
plus
net Money
imputed Definition 14 Income Money
return less after Taxes Income
on equity medical not including after
in own home programs EITC Taxes
Def 15 Def 16 Def 17 Def 18
Program Participation Status of
Family Members
One or more members received:
Cash assistance 40.7 45.2 62.5 57.5
AFDC or other non-SSI 48.3 54.2 75.2 69.3
SSI 26.0 29.1 41.8 38.3
Food stamps 44.3 48.9 71.5 64.4
Housing assistance 42.6 45.4 68.7 61.4
Energy assistance 44.7 50.3 72.0 65.5
Free or reduced-price school lunches 34.1 37.0 54.3 46.6
Family received both food stamps and
cash assistance 49.1 54.5 75.9 70.6
Health Insurance Coverage
One or more members covered by:
Employer-provided plan 4.6 5.1 9.5 7.0
Medicare 15.2 21.0 25.3 23.3
Medicaid 36.2 40.7 56.4 50.8
No members covered by:
Employer-provided plan or Medicare or
Medicaid 23.8 24.7 33.0 26.7
Health insurance 28.7 28.9 39.6 31.5
Family received:
Medicare and Medicaid 26.4 33.7 41.3 37.9
07/17/98 13
Table 3. Percent of Families in Poverty, by Definition of Income and Selected Characteristics: 1997 (Black)
Defin 1 Defin 2 Defin 3 Defin 4 Defin 5 Defin 6 Defin 7 Defin 8 Defin 9
BELOW POVERTY LEVEL
Black
All families 1985 2706 2700 2599 2729 2741 2494 2507 2018
Age of Householder
15 to 24 years 318 351 351 341 349 349 325 325 300
25 to 44 years 1160 1366 1361 1285 1369 1371 1204 1211 1107
45 to 54 years 176 267 267 258 280 285 249 255 223
55 to 64 years 137 230 230 228 235 237 221 221 159
65 years and over 193 492 491 487 496 499 495 495 228
Type of Family
Married-couple families 312 636 637 613 664 664 616 623 351
With related children under 18 205 308 306 285 328 328 280 287 221
With related children under 6 110 137 135 135 157 157 136 143 123
Male householder, no wife present 111 152 152 144 156 161 139 139 104
Female householder, no husband present 1563 1917 1911 1842 1908 1916 1738 1744 1562
With related children under 18 1436 1663 1657 1588 1648 1650 1487 1493 1390
With related children under 6 758 849 846 803 847 847 769 772 727
Type of Residence
Inside metropolitan areas 1652 2233 2226 2137 2237 2248 2055 2067 1667
Inside central cities 1211 1641 1635 1567 1646 1649 1506 1518 1230
Outside central cities 441 593 591 570 591 599 549 549 437
Outside metropolitan areas 334 472 474 461 491 493 438 439 350
Region
Northeast 389 517 515 500 525 525 486 486 407
Midwest 377 521 523 491 515 517 483 489 408
South 1077 1464 1459 1416 1495 1506 1350 1358 1065
West 143 204 204 192 193 193 174 174 138
Educational Attainment
Less than 12th grade, no diploma 774 1114 1107 1087 1120 1128 1072 1075 848
07/17/98 14
Table 3. Percent of Families in Poverty, by Definition of Income and Selected Characteristics: 1997 (Black)
Defin 1 Defin 2 Defin 3 Defin 4 Defin 5 Defin 6 Defin 7 Defin 8 Defin 9
High school graduate, no college 799 1005 1006 970 1011 1013 912 917 761
College: Less than bachelor's degree 357 496 496 467 504 506 437 442 358
Bachelor's degree or more 55 91 91 74 94 94 73 73 51
Work Experience in 1997
Total, 15 to 64 years 1792 2214 2209 2111 2232 2242 1998 2011 1790
Worked at full-time jobs 636 799 797 722 803 811 618 631 557
50 to 52 weeks 273 317 317 275 331 334 211 224 197
Worked at part-time jobs 375 427 426 416 444 444 395 395 352
Did not work 781 988 986 973 986 987 985 986 881
Year-Round Full-Time Workers
No workers 1662 2271 2270 2223 2280 2288 2175 2175 1746
Householder 15 to 64 years 1474 1802 1801 1758 1810 1814 1704 1704 1525
Householder 65 years and over 188 469 468 465 470 473 472 472 221
One worker 296 407 403 355 420 421 297 310 251
Two workers or more 27 27 27 21 29 32 21 21 21
Program Participation Status of
Family Members
One or more members received:
Cash assistance 890 1165 1157 1137 1169 1172 1121 1124 1043
AFDC or other non-SSI 721 862 857 841 856 856 820 823 791
SSI 252 445 442 437 457 460 440 440 381
Food stamps 1162 1374 1369 1351 1384 1384 1287 1287 1197
Housing assistance 688 796 793 777 801 801 749 749 714
Energy assistance 311 393 393 382 387 387 367 367 337
Free or reduced-price school lunches 1126 1348 1345 1301 1360 1365 1237 1241 1124
Family received both food stamps and
cash assistance 771 937 932 917 938 938 898 898 855
Health Insurance Coverage
One or more members covered by:
Employer-provided plan 427 629 628 526 582 587 486 486 346
Medicare 357 792 791 787 798 802 787 790 427
Medicaid 1310 1670 1661 1627 1683 1688 1573 1582 1419
07/17/98 15
Table 3. Percent of Families in Poverty, by Definition of Income and Selected Characteristics: 1997 (Black)
Defin 1 Defin 2 Defin 3 Defin 4 Defin 5 Defin 6 Defin 7 Defin 8 Defin 9
No members covered by:
Employer-provided plan or Medicare or
Medicaid 298 350 351 351 382 382 322 324 276
Health insurance 263 308 310 310 341 341 285 287 245
Family received:
Medicare and Medicaid 228 402 399 399 402 402 398 398 285
07/17/98 16
Table 3. Percent of Families in Poverty, by Definition of Income and Selected Characteristics: 1997 (Black)
Defin 10 Defin 11 Defin 12 Defin 13 Defin 14 Defin 15 Defin 16 Defin 17 Defin 18
BELOW POVERTY LEVEL
Black
All families 1956 1956 1768 1673 1424 1344 1513 2156 1852
Age of Householder
15 to 24 years 294 294 278 260 209 211 223 339 287
25 to 44 years 1096 1096 1016 966 811 796 848 1256 1057
45 to 54 years 217 217 161 145 131 126 142 209 173
55 to 64 years 151 151 130 122 105 89 119 143 138
65 years and over 198 198 183 179 168 122 182 210 197
Type of Family
Married-couple families 337 337 293 277 252 219 286 378 315
With related children under 18 217 217 190 174 151 136 174 261 198
With related children under 6 123 123 112 97 84 71 101 143 112
Male householder, no wife present 94 94 92 89 86 83 92 129 97
Female householder, no husband present 1526 1526 1382 1308 1086 1042 1135 1649 1439
With related children under 18 1369 1369 1259 1184 975 957 1021 1515 1310
With related children under 6 719 719 684 629 527 524 544 799 702
Type of Residence
Inside metropolitan areas 1614 1614 1462 1376 1166 1091 1250 1791 1540
Inside central cities 1186 1186 1073 999 827 785 895 1322 1131
Outside central cities 428 428 389 378 339 306 355 469 409
Outside metropolitan areas 342 342 306 297 258 253 263 365 311
Region
Northeast 394 394 351 325 277 271 297 424 362
Midwest 396 396 340 312 270 247 294 415 363
South 1035 1035 963 926 781 739 821 1173 1006
West 132 132 113 110 96 87 102 144 121
Educational Attainment
Less than 12th grade, no diploma 819 819 735 706 610 564 653 820 755
07/17/98 17
Table 3. Percent of Families in Poverty, by Definition of Income and Selected Characteristics: 1997 (Black)
Defin 10 Defin 11 Defin 12 Defin 13 Defin 14 Defin 15 Defin 16 Defin 17 Defin 18
High school graduate, no college 746 746 683 646 539 525 565 860 725
College: Less than bachelor's degree 340 340 303 278 234 225 253 414 319
Bachelor's degree or more 51 51 47 42 40 30 42 63 52
Work Experience in 1997
Total, 15 to 64 years 1758 1758 1584 1494 1256 1222 1331 1946 1655
Worked at full-time jobs 548 548 495 443 317 309 340 729 533
50 to 52 weeks 194 194 178 153 113 108 120 333 209
Worked at part-time jobs 346 346 330 310 259 253 264 406 335
Did not work 864 864 760 741 680 660 727 811 787
Year-Round Full-Time Workers
No workers 1686 1686 1535 1468 1266 1199 1341 1734 1578
Householder 15 to 64 years 1495 1495 1358 1294 1104 1076 1164 1536 1388
Householder 65 years and over 191 191 178 174 163 122 177 198 190
One worker 249 249 214 191 144 132 156 381 249
Two workers or more 21 21 18 14 14 14 17 41 24
Program Participation Status of
Family Members
One or more members received:
Cash assistance 1004 1004 815 762 609 594 660 913 841
AFDC or other non-SSI 774 774 670 627 483 471 529 734 676
SSI 351 351 222 202 171 166 185 266 244
Food stamps 1175 1175 1052 983 768 743 820 1199 1080
Housing assistance 695 695 628 586 445 445 475 718 642
Energy assistance 333 333 293 265 215 202 227 325 296
Free or reduced-price school lunches 1106 1106 1014 951 784 766 831 1218 1046
Family received both food stamps and
cash assistance 834 834 711 662 521 508 564 785 731
Health Insurance Coverage
One or more members covered by:
Employer-provided plan 332 332 308 297 250 241 265 499 367
Medicare 365 365 315 310 283 228 317 381 350
Medicaid 1371 1371 1194 1100 906 877 986 1366 1231
07/17/98 18
Table 3. Percent of Families in Poverty, by Definition of Income and Selected Characteristics: 1997 (Black)
Defin 10 Defin 11 Defin 12 Defin 13 Defin 14 Defin 15 Defin 16 Defin 17 Defin 18
No members covered by:
Employer-provided plan or Medicare or
Medicaid 276 276 272 272 252 243 252 337 272
Health insurance 245 245 240 240 221 219 221 302 240
Family received:
Medicare and Medicaid 237 237 191 187 166 150 192 234 215